Thinking Activity : Unit 3 : Cultural Studies in practice

Thinking Activity : Unit 3 : Cultural Studies in practice :

Hello Readers....

Warmly Welcome to my blog,

This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad head of English department. This is my academic blog on thinking activity on cultural studies unit 3 cultural studies of Hamlet and To His Coy Mistress.

Question : 1 The poem 'To His Coy Mistress' tells us a lot about the speaker, the listener and also the audience for whom it is written. But what does he not show? As he selects these rich and multifarious allusions, what does he ignore from his culture?

Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" tells the reader a good deal about the speaker of the poem, most of which are clear from earlier comments in this volume, using traditional approaches. We know that the speaker is knowledgeable about poetry and conventions of classic Greek and Roman literature, about other conventions of love poetry, such as the Justice Love Convention in medieval Europe and other biblical passages. Poetry also tells us a lot about the speaker, the audience. He does not think clearly about poverty, demographics and multifaceted conceptions and socioeconomic details about how fortunate his circumstances are. For example, it is estimated that at least a quarter of the European population was below the poverty line in the meantime. Also, the speaker does not think of the disease as a daily reality that has to be dealt with. To be sure, in the second and especially in the third level it signals for future death and dissolution. But wealth and leisure and sexual activity are his currency, his coin for current enjoyment. Worms and marbles are not present and ash is not present, so is not yet real.

Question : 2 If these two characters were marginalized in Hamlet, they are even more so in Stoppard's handling. If Shakespeare marginalised powerless in his own version of Rozsencrantz and Guildenstern,Stoppard has marginalized us us all in an era when - in the eyes of some-all of us are caught up in forces beyond our control. 


In Hamlet's play, there are characters in two margins; Rosencrantz and Guildestern. Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern, who died or never lived in the twentieth century, resurrected Tom Stoppard by re-fascinating their existence or lack thereof. In the version of Stopcard, they are more clearly two ineffective pawns, constantly searching to know who they are, why they are here, where they are going. In contemporary Indian culture, we see that people were marginalized under the power of politics. No one can raise his voice against politics.

Feminism : Gayatri Spivak and Elaine Showalter.

Feminism : Gayatri Spivak and Elaine Showalter :

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Warmly welcome to my blog.  Here is my blog on Gayatri Spivak and Eline Showalter's views on feminism. This blog is provided by Professor Dilip Bard Sir.

Introduction :

Elaine Showalter : 

( 21 Jan. 1941)

Elaine Showalter is an American literary critic, feminist and writer on cultural and social issues. She is one of the founders of feminist literary criticism in academia in the United States and a term for developing the concept and study of gynecology, a term that "studies women as writers". Elaine Showalter specializes in Victorian literature and her most well-designed works in this field are madness and dementia in literature, especially in the writing of women and the portrayal of female characters in her writing. Elaine Showalter is an American critic best known for her concept of anti-gynecology, which is female-centric for her literary analysis.

Feminist Criticism : Elaine Showalter :

The views on feminist poetry are intelligent, often deprived of rhetorical manipulation, and confidently provocative. She calmly speaks with convincing authority, as if she firmly believes in the accuracy of what she says. She is both noble, in which she sees the urgent need to change, and the patient, in which she expects, if given enough time, will win the wisdom and truth of her cause. Showalter relates to feminist approaches to feminism that see feminist critics as 'obsessed with fallacy' and 'deluded to destroy male artists'. Showalter wonders whether such rituals derive from the fact that feminism lacks a fully articulated theory.

Showalter divides feminist criticism :

(1) The woman as Reader or feminist critique

(2) The woman as Writer or Gynocritics.

Gayatri Spivak : 

( 24 February 1942)

Gayatri Spivak uses Marxism, feminism and deconstruction, postmodernism and the methods of globalization. In a series of later essays, Spivak urges women to become involved in deconstruction and to interfere with the evolution of deconstructive theory. He also urged his colleagues to focus on the historical history of women. Her most famous piece was "Can the Subterranean Speak?". He realizes that silence can speak and give a voice to others. She sees people who treat and criticize women in India. She uses the notion of deconstruction.

Assignment Paper 6 : The Victorian Literature

Hello Readers,


"Maharaja Krushnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University"




Name : Sanjay A. Dharaiya


Course : M.A.


Sem : 2


Year : 2019-2020


Roll : 24


Enrollment : 2069108420200009


Email id : dharaiy9@gmail.com


Paper 6 : The Victorian Literature


Topic : Characteristics of Victorian age.


Total word : 1739


Submitted to : S.B. Gardi Department of English MKB University





Question : What is the Characteristics of Victorian age ?


Introduction :


Every nation has its own history, that is England's own history. We find that there are many periods like 'The Elizabethan Era', 'Milton's Era', 'The Romantic Era', 'The Victorian Era' and finally 'The Modern Era'. Here I want to introduce 'The Age of Queen Victoria. The Victorian era began (1832 to 1887) during the reign of Queen Victoria. The Victorian era is the most significant period in the history of England. It was an era of material influence, political consciousness, democratic reforms, industrial progress and mechanical progress, scientific progress, social unrest, educational expansion, empire-building and religious uncertainty. The Victorian era was essentially a time of peace and prosperity for England. Some of the colonial wars that began during this period had little adverse effect on national life. The impact of the Crimean War on the nation. In the early years of the era, the effect of the French Revolution was still felt, but by the middle of the century, it had almost completely diminished and England felt safe from any revolutionary revolt that disturbed its unfortunate and peaceful existence Life. England felt safe from any radical chaos that threatened the peace and peaceful existence of their lives.


  This is a peaceful rule compared to this regime. Englishmen protected in their island bases can complete the transformation of all aspects of their industrial, commercial and social life without any risk of violent disruption which has given a totally different quality to the continent's history. Peacefully materialized and industrial progress was made in the country. Industrial uplift caused social unrest and economic hardship. The Wealth Dynasty Revolution, while creating a privileged class of capitalists and mill owners, turning it into wealth and property, brought with it a class of semi-starving and sick workers and factory workers who were completely dissatisfied with their pathetic affairs.


  A new class of landing nobles and mill-owners spring. The conditions of life at that time had no affinity for the laborers and the workers in the fields, as they had to live in slums with the conveniences of life, joining them at any stage of their poor existence. In the Victorian era there was an increasing number of literary men and women and the humanitarian attitude towards life among philanthropic social reformers, which was not a matter of love and loyalty, but by recognition of good feelings. People were there for their unfortunate brothers.


  The increasing importance of the masses and the hands of a large number of factories sparked the 'reform bills', which marked the birth of democratic consciousness among Victorians. A Victorian background would not be complete without adding some lines about the Victorian settlement. The Victorian settlement in the three disciplines of life was especially imaginative. Democracy and nobility, religion and science in the field of political life. There was a compromise between the rich and the poor.



Literary Tendencies or Characteristics of The Victorian Literature :


Literary figures of the Victorian era were given clear originality in outlook, character, and style. “The self-made man had a lot of energy and courage in Macaulay. Stress liked to sing praises of strong independence. Dickens' book is perhaps more original than any other novelist in the world. The Bronte sisters continued their lonely path in life with the pride and endurance they learned at Howarth Parsonage. Carlyle and Browning were strangely thoroughly cultivated, and Thackeray, too, thought more regularly in style than his contemporaries, preferring the haphazard way of conducting his story, engaging in a boundless license for comment and digression. "

The invention of science has an impact on the literature of the ages. If we study all the great writers of the age, I will mark five common characteristics. Like a ,


(1) Literature
(2) Moral Purpose
(3) Realism
(4) Pessimism
(5) Patriotism


So let's discuss in details,


(1) Literature :


The Victorian era was essentially an era of prose and novelty. We found the development of prose and novels in this age. W. J. Long says, "Thought that many poets were born from this era, and two who deserve to be among the greatest, yet this is an era of vigorous prose and novel. The novel of this era fills the drama staged in Elizabeth's day; And before this, no novel has occurred in such an age, in language, in such numbers and in such perfection. "

  The literature of this age tends to draw closer to daily life which reflects its practical problems and interests. It becomes a powerful tool for human progress. Socially and economically, industrial coercion was on the rise and various reform movements like liberation, child labor, women's rights and evolution. We find that there is no progress in 'drama' in the Victorian era. The Victorian writer just put weight on the prose and the novel.


(2) Moral Purpose :


Victorian literature is characterized by aspects of its moral note in various aspects. "Another hallmark of this era is the fact that in both prose and poetry, literature seems to depart from the purely artistic standard for the purpose of art, and is carried forward by a specific moral purpose." Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle, Ruskin were mainly interested in their message to their countrymen. He was a teacher in England and motivated by a conscious moral purpose to uplift and instruct his fellow man. Behind Dickens's fun and spirit, Thackeray's social miniatures, George Eliot's psychic studies, have the definite moral purpose of eliminating error and clearly bringing out the basic truths of human life. We found a good example in 'The Mill at the Mill' by Eli Liat. We have found many writers writing about family and morality in their literary work. Victorian literature seems to stray from the "art for the arts" and affirms its moral purpose.


(3) Realism


The literature of the Victorian era was associated with the social and political life of the era. Victorian literature artists were inspired by the social zeal to represent the problem of their own age, setting aside some of the voters of art for the purpose of art represented by the Pre-Raphaelite School of the Arts. Perhaps for this reason Victorian literature is the fiction of 'realism' rather than romance, it is not the reality of Jola and Ibsen, but an errand that tries to tell the whole truth, as moral and physical ailments, but holding the health and moral conditions of humanity As expected. Literature became a tool of social reform and social propaganda and was marked with purposeful, propaganda and meditative purposes.

  Victorian literature is full of reality. We can say that Oliver Twist is a real character; In the Victorian era we found that there was child labor in the workhouse. So call it reality, and Frankenstein has no real character like a monster in real life, but in real life we ​​find a livre-like character. So Victorian literature represents reality.


(4) Pessimism :


Notes of pessimism, doubt, and despair run through Victorian literature, and it is especially found in the poems of Matthew Arnold and Arthur Hugh Clough. Although the note of pessimism goes on in the literature of the era, it cannot be considered as a literature of pessimistic pessimism and dark frustration. Idealism and optimism are also noted by poets like Browning and prose writers like Raskin. Rabbi Ben brings courageous optimism to the Ezra era. Stedman's Victorian anthology is one of the most inspiring books of poetry overall. Great essayists like Macaulay, Carlyle, Ruskin, and great novels like Dickens, Thackeray and George Elliott inspire us with faith in humanity and uplift us through their enthusiasm and great charity.

  The literature of the era is significantly changed by the impact of science. "It is a scientific scientific spirit, and all suggested by the scientific scientific spirit, its precise doubt, its handling of the truth of lowliness and observation, its growing interest in social processes and the conditions under which life is lived are the main facts in Victorian Literature.


(5) Patriotism :

The note of patriotism runs through Victorian literature. Tennyson, Dickens, and Disraeli are motivated by national pride and a sense of greatness in their nation's superiority over nations. Lake Terrorists were a part of the landscape they migrated to for Wordsworth. He considered human beings to be natural objects and removed the complexities and passions of life from his life. Victorian poets and novelists emphasized men and women and gave them the same warmth and luster that romantic poets gave to nature. “The Victorian era extended to the hardships of human life, the imaginary sensibilities that endured its predecessor nature and history. Victorian poets and novelists added humanity to nature and art as a subject of literature. "

We can say that the impact of patriotism in literature. The author focuses on national identity and patriotism in the Victorian era.

  Some other characteristics of this era,

  We find some other minor features of the Victorian era. Few literary artists of this era noted the uprising against The materialist tendencies of the era, and the excesses of the Middle Ages sought refuge. The escapist note is also imaginative in Victorian literature, and this is especially noted in the works of Raphael's earlier poets. Morris was busy with his legends and stories. "There were some minor changes to classicism, but most often, taken in the literary emotional and imaginative intensity of the era, it was thrilled to discover, after its unfamiliar springs of truth and beauty, from its innovation and its diversity." Even though age is classified as pragmatic and materialistic, most writers excel at an ideal life as a whole. It is an idealistic age where great ideals like truth, justice, love, brotherhood are emphasized by poets, essays and novelists of the era.


Conclusion :

Thus, we can say that this is an era that is completely different than the age of sentimentality. It is an era of morality, realism, industrialistic development, patriotism, pessimism and the development of prose and novels. That is why Victorian literature is a fiction of reality rather than a romance like Oliver Twist, Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch, etc ... so after understanding all these characteristics we can easily understand the Victorian era.

Assignment : Paper 5 : The Romantic Literature

Hello Readers,


"Maharaja Krushnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University"



Name : Sanjay A. Dharaiya


Course : M.A.


Sem : 2


Year : 2019-2020


Roll : 24


Enrollment : 2069108420200009


Email id : dharaiy9@gmail.com


Paper 5 : The Romantic Literature


Topic : General Study of Keats’s Odes


Total word : 2036


Submitted to : S.B. Gardi Department of English MKB University



Question : Discuss about General Study of Keats’s Odes


Introduction :


John Keats was born on October 31, 1795. He lived only 25 years, and four months, though his poetic achievement is extraordinary. His writing career lasted a little over five years, and his three great odes, 'Odd on a Grecian n', de do to a nightingale, and 'Odd on-melancholy'. Most of his major poems were written between his 23 and 24 years, and he wrote all of his poems from his 25th year. Kit died of tuberculosis at the age of 25.

                       
(1)  Ode on a Grecian Urn :

‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’, is a poem poem written by English Romantic poet John Keats. Keats found earlier forms of poetry unsatisfactory for his purpose, and the collection represent a new development of the ode form. He was inspired to write the poem after reading two articles by English artist and writer Benjamin Haydon. Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues, which forms the basis of the poem.

“Ode on a Grecian Urn” was not well received by contemporary critics. It was only by the mid 19th century that it began to be praised although it is now considered to be one of the greatest odes in the English language. ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’, portrays his attempt to engage with the static immobility of sculpture. The Grecian Urn passed down through countless centuries to the time of the speakers viewing, exists outside of time in the human sense, it does not age, it does not die, and indeed it is alien to all such concepts. In the speaker’s meditation, this creates an intriguing paradox for the human figures carved into the side of the urn. They are free from time, but they are simultaneously frozen in time. They do not have to confront again and death, but neither can they have experience.

In final two lines, in which the speaker imagines the urn speaking its message to mankind “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”, have proved among the most difficult to interpret in the Keats canon. If it is the urn addressing mankind, than the phrase has rather the weight of an important lesson, as though beyond all the complication of human life, all human beings need to know on earth is that beauty and truth are one and the same. It is largely matter of personal interpretation which reading to accept.


(2)  Ode to Psyche :

'Odd on a Grecian Urn' is a poem by English romantic poet John Keats. Keats found the earlier forms of poetry unsatisfactory for his purpose, and the collection represents a new development of the Odd form. After reading two articles by English artist and author Benjamin Hayden, he was inspired to write poetry. Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek qualities, which formed the basis of poetry.

"Odd on a Grecian Urn" was not well-liked by contemporary critics. It began to be appreciated only in the mid-19th century, though it is now regarded as one of the greatest in the English language. 'Odd on a Grecian orn', depicting his efforts in the stable of sculptures. The Greek ninner passed through countless centuries of eloquent speech, existed in the human sense beyond time, does not die, does not die, and is really alien to all such concepts. In the speaker's mind, this creates an interesting paradox for human figures carved next to the trend. They are free of time, but they freeze over time. They do not have to face death again and again, but neither can they gain experience.

In the final two lines, in which the speaker imagines the human being to convey the message of "beauty is truth, truth is beauty", interpretation in the kit canon proved to be among the most difficult. If it is the water that addresses mankind, since all the complexities of human life are outweighed by the weight of an important lesson in the sentence, all men on earth need to know that beauty and truth are the same. It is often a matter of personal interpretation that reading should be accepted.


(3)  Ode to Nightingale :


"Ode to a Nightingale" is a regular ode. Although poetry is fairly regular, it leaves the impression of being a kind of tragedy; Keats is allowing his thoughts and emotions to be freexpression. One idea implies the other and, thus, the poem somehow leads to an arbitrary conclusion. The poem impresses readers as a result of uncontrollable freesperation through a fantasy project. Poetry is the key to the act of sharing the experience that the reader has with the reader rather than remembering the experience. The experience is not entirely consistent. That is what happens in his mind when listening to the song of ight ningangle. The three main ideas in Odd are stand-by. One is the evaluation of life; Tears and frustrations are the valley of life. The happiness that Keatings heard in Taitingal's song made him happy for a moment, but he succeeded with the feeling of torrent, resulting in the assurance that life is not only painful, but unbearable. Became more aware of. Keats wanted to escape from life, not by wine, but by a powerful agent, the imagination.

The speaker of "Ode to Nightingale" Keats began a thorough and deep exploration of the themes of his creative expression and the morality of human life. In this ode, the change of life and the tragedy of old age are in front of the eternal renewal of Nightingale's fluid music. The speaker experienced "subtlety" which he experienced as 'Odd on indolence', which is a sign of disconnection from the experience; in "Nightingale" the instrument is a sign of complete attachment: "Be happy in your happiness", as the speaker calls Nightingale. Said; Listening to Nightingale's song, the speaker wants a 'draft' of vintage to take it out on its own. But after his focus in the third breast on the transformation of life, he "rejected the idea of ​​getting a chariot through Bacchus and his argument, and chose instead to embrace for the first time, because he refused to follow the parable in" Indolence." The rapture of the poetic inspiration coincides with the endless creative rapture of Nightingale's music and allows the speaker, from five to seven, to imagine himself with a bird in the dark forest. Acoustic music encourages the speaker to embrace the idea of ​​dying without pain, without ever being enticed into Nightingale's music and never experiencing pain and frustration. But when his attention causes him to pronounce the word "adulterous" when he returns to himself, he recognizes his fantasy of what it is - an imaginary escape from the inevitable. As the nightingale flies, the intensity of the speaker's experience has shaken it, making it unable to remember that it is sleep or sleep.

He can imagine the light of the moon, "But there is no light here", he knows that he is surrounded by flowers, but he cannot see "what flowers are feet." This repression will be found in his match "Ode on Grecian Urn", which is in many ways a companion poem to "Odd to Nightingale." In the later poem, the speaker art subject is not subject to any time constraints; In "Nightingale," he receives and puts his trust in creative expression, but that expression is a nightingale song without spontaneous and physical expression.


(4) Ode to Autumn :


One of the last poems written by Keats is "Two Autumn." His method of developing poetry is uniquely embodiment of autumn. Its autumn is early autumn, when all the products of nature have come to full maturity. Autumn is embodied and considered in a state of activity. In the first verse, autumn is a friendly plot to bring the sun to a state of fertility and maturity. In the second phase, autumn is a thresher sitting on the grainy floor, a riperslip in the grain area, a gleaner crossing the brook, and finally, a cider maker. In the finale, autumn is as eccentric as the composer's, and the music that produces autumn is as gnats, lambs, crickets, robins and melted spring as pleasant as your music. In the first art, Keats focuses on the fall locations, the grapes and the apples, the sojogards and the hazel nuts and blooming flowers. The second art emphasizes the characteristics of autumn, harvest, harvest, moisture and cider making. In closing, the poet emphasizes the sounds of autumn, produced by insects, animals and birds. To her ears, this music is as sweet as spring music. The poem ends artistically to coincide with the end of a day: "And the gathering skies in the sky." In the evening, swallows and at night are ready to return to their ships. "To Autumn" is sometimes called Odd, but Keats doesn't call it one. However, its structure is similar to its odes to the Andreem scheme Spring of 1819, and, like those oodles, is remarkable for its image richness. It is a festival of sights and sounds.
In both its form and descriptive surface, one of the odes of "Toot .Tom" kits is simple. There is nothing confusing or complicated for Keats' pawn until the autumn season, with his fruitiness, his flowers, and the song he swallows together to move. The extraordinary achievement of this poem lies in its ability to anticipate, and its quiet, gentle, and lovely description of autumn, where "Odd on Melancholy" presents itself, a daily observation of "till autumn" a compliment very quiet. Relevant to the activity, the collected themes of the quieter previous odds find a perfect and very beautiful expression.

"Autumn Two" takes you to where the other odds leave off. Like others, the speaker of the kitsch, in this case, especially shows the goddess paying homage to the perverted season of autumn. Your choice of this season clearly takes on topics and transformations of other regional topics: Autumn in Keats's Od is a time of warmth and plenty, but it is nearing the end of winter, as it is enjoyed. The "later flower", the crops are collected from the fields, the spring sheep are now "fully grown" and swallowed in the final line of the poem for their winter migration. The understated sense of irreparable loss in that last sentence makes it one of the most moving moments in all the poems; It can be read as a simple uncluttering summary of the entire human condition.

In this poem, the work of creation is depicted as a kind of self-harvest; The pen cultivates areas of the brain and the books are filled with the resulting "grain." In "Autumn", the metaphor is more developed; Tomorrow's fantasy that transmits poetry is facing a season of misery within its creativity. When the autumn harvest is over, the fields are barely open, the swaths cut with their "attached flower", the cider press is dry, the sky is empty. But this coupling of the harvest with the crotch softened the edge of the tragedy. In time, the spring will come again, the fields will sprout again, and the song of the bird will return. The development that the speaker has strongly opposed in "Indolence" is finally perfect: he has learned that the acceptance of morality is not destructive to the admiration of beauty, and that by accepting time, wisdom has been eroded.


   Conclusion :

In conclusion, we can say, Keats wishes, to die in nature - to 'hang on for half a night with no pain, but this was not his usual mood'. Keats demanded, in spite of such moments of pain, to live in nature and be content with one beautiful thing after another. He had a way of moving butterfly fashion from one object to another, for the moment everything's charm - the touch of fancy work that was never at home. Kits all the odds, it is very difficult to understand, and all his odes are very famous in the romantic age.

Assignment paper : 8 Cultural studies

Hello Readers,

"Maharaja Krushnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University"

• Name : Sanjay A. Dharaiya

• Course : M.A.

• Sem : 2

• Year : 2019-2020

• Roll : 24

• Enrollment : 2069108420200009

• Email id : dharaiy9@gmail.com

• Paper 8 : Cultural Studies

• Topic : Analysis of five types of Cultural Studies

• Total word : 2115

• Submitted to : S.B. Gardi Department of English MKB University

Analysis of five types of Cultural Studies


What is Cultural studies ?


Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. Cultural Studies traces the relationships among aesthetic, anthropological, and political economic aspects of cultural production and reproduction. Cultural Studies relies on interdisciplinary research on the formation of knowledge, power, and difference. Cultural Studies scholars and practitioners explore constructions of race, class, ability, citizenship, gender, and sexuality in their effort to understand the structures and practices of domination and resistance that shape contemporary societies.


Types of Cultural Studies :

Culture is a word that is impossible to describe in one word. Culture is something that reflects on your identity. To know more about culture, we have to study about it. The "culture" itself is so hard to decipher and the "cultural studies" are so difficult to determine. “Cultural studies” is not so much a specific approach, but rather a set of practices.

  If we go deep into the meaning of cultural studies, we find that Cultural Studies is an educational field of critical theory and literary criticism that was started by British academies in 1964 and subsequently adopted by fellow academics around the world. Cultural studies is an academic discipline that assists cultural researchers, who provide theories about the forces through which the whole of humanity builds their daily lives. It is not a unified theory, but a study of a variety of fields incorporating different approach methods and educational properties.

  "The culture of a nation lives in the heart and in the lives of its people."

  Cultural Studies: Feminist theory, political theory, social theory, history, philosophy, literature, literature theory, media theory, film / video studies, communication studies, political economy, translation studies, museum studies and art history, to study cultural events in different societies. Thus, cultural studies seek to understand how meaning is generated, disseminated, and produced from the social, political and economic spheres within a given culture. Cultural studies, which are made up of elements of structural post-structuralism and postmodernism: areas that focus on the social and cultural forces that make up a community or cause differentiation and instability.

  The term cultural learning was used by Richard Hogart in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Center for Contemporary Studies or CS. Cultural studies transcends the limits of certain disciplines, such as literary criticism or history. Cultural studies rejects the division of "high" and "low" or elite and popular culture. One is culturally politicized. Cultural studies have not only analyzed cultural work, but also the meaning of production.

  Although cultural studies practitioners reject "humanism" or "humanitarians" as global classes, they strive for what they call the "social cause" that often resembles the goals and values ​​of humanitarian and democratic ideals.



Five Types of Cultural Studies :-


(1) British Cultural Materialism

(2) New Historicism

(3) American Multiculturalism

(1) African American Writers

(2) Latina/o Writers

(3) American Indian Literatures

(4)  Asian American Writers

(4) Postmodernism and Popular Culture

  (5)  Postcolonial Studies


So let's discuss about details,


(1) British Cultural Materialism :


Cultural materialism in literary theory and cultural studies traces its origins to the work of left-leaning literary critic Raymond Williams. Cultural studies in Britain is known as "cultural materialism" and has a long tradition.

  "Cultural materialism is a school of thought in anthropology."

  Cultural materialism says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine the physical conditions. Cultural materialism analyzes on the basis of critical theory in the tradition of the Frankfurt School. In the next 19th century, Matthew Arnold sought to redefine "given" British culture. The post-war methods of cultural literary criticism portray left-leaning trendy cultural materialism, aesthetically, formally acknowledged, ant historical historiography and politicized. Cultural materialism is also about culture or membership. cultural studies emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s, with a new historical historiography, an American approach to modern early literature, with which it has a very common area. The term was coined by Williams, who used leftist culture to describe theoretical fusion and Marxist analysis, cultural materialists deal with specific historical historical documents and try to analyze and recreate the zoologist of the political movement in history. Ironically the threat to his project was mass culture. Raymond Williams lamented the richness of honest forms of life. Williams viewed culture as a "productive process", often referring to the resources of production and cultural materialism that he referred to as "residual", "evocative" and "anti" cultural elements that followed in the tradition of Herbert Marcuse. Antonio Gramsci and others expand the class-based analysis of traditional Marxism, with an additional focus on marginalizing cultural materialists. cultural physicists analyze the process by which hegemonic forces in society use texts such as Shenopier and Us Stein, of historical significance and use them in an attempt to validate or imply certain values ​​on cultural fantasy. The political Shakespearean Jonathan Dolimore and Alan Sinfield writers have made a significant impact in the development of this movement and his book is considered to be a semi-text. They have identified four defining characteristics of cultural materialism as a theoretical device.


(2) New Historicism

Returning to historical scholarship scholarship, the new historical historiography deals with additional literary letters, letters, diaries, films, paintings, medical remedies - which reveal anti-historical historical tensions in the text. New historians look for "surprising coincidences" that can cross ordinary, historical, historical and cultural lines in the metaphor, ceremony, or orrow of popular culture. The new historicism rejected the period of history in favor of the ingathering of history through the interplay of forms of authority only. The way in which New or Tahitianism expresses literature and sometimes the way literature is constructed focuses on disguising power relations in the social context, often involving the connection between literary work and other types of texts. Literature is often shown to "negotiate" the interests of conflicting powers. The new historical historiography has made its greatest place on literary studies of the Renaissance and Romantic period and has revised the pace of literature as a privileged, extraordinary article. Much of the new historiography focuses on the margins of subjects known as witches, lunatics, heresies, secular and political prisoners.

  What does Jonathan mean when he names the flying island on Gulliver's Travels Third Journey? It is a question about the political reality of the British Empire, on which the sun never set any ideology from the previous century. Two paths to cultural development in modern Britain led to a past and ordered a feudal hierarchy or a culture of listening to the community in the past, which acted as a defense to the past in its sacred work.


(3) American Multiculturalism :

Multiculturalism is related to communities with multiple cultures. The term is used in two broadly descriptive or informative ways. It usually refers to the simple fact of cultural diversity. It usually applies to the demographic composition of a particular location, sometimes at the organization level. Multiculturalism centers on the idea of ​​political philosophy as a way to respond to cultural and religious differences. It is closely associated with "politics of identity", "politics of difference" and "politics of belief." Multiculturalism can refer to demographic facts, specific sets of philosophical ideas, or specific approaches by governments or institutions toward different populations. The term multicultural is often used in the context of western states.

  America has a long silent history of multiculturalism. In 1965, riots of the Vu લtas race attracted worldwide attention. All African American students in the South attend different schools and most of the industries were still discriminated against. International marriage was still illegal in many states. Nearly half a century later, the evolving identities of racial and ethnic groups have not claimed the place of mainstream American life, but have challenged the notion of race; Social sciences are increasingly viewed as constructs invited by whites to assign social status and privilege, without scientific relevance. Unlike sex, for which there are X and Y chromosomes, there is no genetic marker in the breed. for the last fifty years that Mexican Americans have been in a rush to the United States, immigration patterns indicate that by the year 2050, Anglo-Americans will not be the majority, or English will be the most widely spoken language. The census administrators of the 2000s faced a number of problems with the assignment of their ethnic categories to people of many races with whom no one could identify.


(4) Postmodernism and Popular Culture :

Modernism describes a series of conceptual frameworks and ideologies that are generally attributed to modernist notions of modernism and knowledge and science, such as materialism, reality, positivism, formalism, structuralism, and reductionism. Postmodernist approaches criticize the possibility of real-world objective knowledge, and consider ways in which social dynamics, such as power and hierarchy, influence the world's human perceptions on the way knowledge is constructed and used. In contrast to modernist examples, postmodern modern thought often emphasizes idealism, creativity, relativism, pluralism and skepticism in its approaches to knowledge and understanding. It is not a philosophical movement in itself, but does include many philosophical and critical methods that can be considered 'postmodern'; Most familiar include feminism and post-structuralism. In other words, modernism is not a method of philosophy, but rather a way of interacting with traditional ideas and methods in the traditional ways that stray from pre-established super-structural modes. This has led to difficulties in deciding what northern modernity really means or should mean, and is therefore a complex and controversial concept, which remains under discussion. The idea of ​​pre-modern modernity, which dominated the literature, art and intellectual scene of the 1960s, gained momentum until the 1950s. The origin of pseudo-modernism is generally accepted as a concept of late-nineteenth-century art, as the response to different heritage continued to expand into other disciplines, as a response to modern art and to modernity in the early twentieth century.

The term "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or solely by vices, perspectives, attitudes, images and other events. Abbreviated from the "pop" for the popular culture id connected to our society and our daily lives. Prior to the 1960's, there was a time when popular culture was not practicing academics, but when it was just a popular culture, comic books, television films, advertising popular music and computer cyber culture were the factors that influenced the culture of ethnicity, race, gender. access was cessed. , Class, age, region and sexuality are shaped in popular culture.

Sometimes popular culture can end, and it can reproduce a literary work that is impossible without original lessons without references to many levels of popular culture. Here we will add one more point to the popular culture reconstruction of works like Frankenstein, which may open it up for unexpected new interpretations.



(5)  Postcolonial Studies :

The collapse of colonization indicates the historical historical phase carried out by third world countries. Many third world countries focus on colonialism, and the changes created by post-colonial writers are both attempts to revitalize their culture and fight against their culture's preconceptions. At first glance post-colonial studies will be the subject of literary criticism in history and political science. post-colonial literary theorists study the English language in this political context, especially the writings that developed in the colonial front such as works by Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Forster, Jean Rhys or Jamaica Kincaid. Previous figures such as Shakespeare's Liban are re-read today in their New World context. The notion of orientalism was an important touchstone for post-colonial studies, as they described the racist discourse about the East as created by the event.

  Homi K. Bhabha's post-colonial theory defines colonial identity as a migratory, hybrid construction, with poststructuralist ideas of identity and uncertainty in the analysis of nationality, ethnicity and politics. We see some powerful conflicts arising from the colonial past in Rushdie's Midnight Children, for example, which decontextualizes the history of modern India. one of the most important figures after colonial feminism is Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak, who examines the effects of political freedom on third-world "subletter" women. Spivak's sublettern studies show how female subjects are silenced by a dialogue between male-dominated Westerns and male-dominated pretests, suggesting that subalterns have little hope of raising the voices of women who oppose them.


Conclusion :

As we all now know about Culture Studies, Post-Culture Studies and the four goals and types of Cultural Studies and represent that reality and culture, etc., and special ideas, customs, arts, societies, etc.

Assignment Paper 7 : The Literary Criticism-2

Hello Readers,

• Name : Sanjay A. Dharaiya

• Course : M.A.

• Sem : 2

•  Year : 2019-2020

• Roll : 24

• Enrollment : 2069108420200009

•  Email id : dharaiy9@gmail.com

•  Paper 7 : The Literary Criticism-2

• Topic : I.A. Richards : The Figurative language

• Total word : 1662

• Submitted to : S.B. Gardi Department of English MKB University

• I.A. Richards as a critic of Figurative Language

If we remember some of the most important and well-known critics in the criticism, we should remember I.A Richards, the perfect Iver Armstrong Richards, born February 26, 1893, in Sandbach, Cheshire, Ang. - September. 7, 1979, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), an English critic, poet and teacher who was very influential in developing new ways of reading poetry that led to new criticisms and which also influenced some forms of reader-response criticism.


Richards was educated at Magdalen College College, Cambridge, and was lecturer in English and Moral Sciences from 1922 to 1929. ; And his theories of literary criticism (1924) and practical criticism (1929), his collaborative parts that he used to develop his critical method.


The latter two were based on practical pedagogy: Richards used poetry to give students poems in which titles and authors were named, and then use their answers to further develop their "close reading" skills. Richards is known for advancing close reading of literature and clarifying theoretical principles on which these skills "practice criticism", a method of enhancing readers' analytical powers.

  During the 1930s, Richards spent much of his time developing English, which was composed by Ogden, with only 850 words; Richards believes that a globally understood language will help bring international understanding. He took basic English to China as a visiting professor at Ting Hua University (1929–30) and director of the Orthological Institute of China (1936–38).


In 1942 he published the Republic's version of Plato in basic English. He became a professor of English at Harvard University in 1939, working primarily in elementary education, and in 1963 an emeritus professor. His speculative and theoretical works include Science and Poetry (1926; revised as Poems and Sciences, 1970), Mancius on the Mind (1932), Coleridge on Imagination (1934), Philosophy and Rhetoric (1936), Speculative Instrument (1955). (1974), Poems (1974), and Supplements (1976). His verse has been collected in Inner Speech (1971) and New and Selected Poems (1978).

•  Four Kinds of Meaning

Together with his work, his study of experimental annotations expresses his interest in literal and textual analysis of the meaning of meaning. According to him, the poet writes to communicate and language is the medium of communication. Language includes words, so the study of words studies so the study of words is important to understand the meaning. Depends on the meaning. So, let's take a look at each of them in detail.


(1) Sense :

In metaphorical language, sensation is very important. In the sense it meant that words are spoken by the plain literal meaning of words. That's why it's so important.


(2) Feeling :

Writers experience emotions and dealings with emotions. It expresses the feelings of desire, desire, joy, unhappiness and the rest of the words in an emotional attitude. So that's important.


(3) Tone :

The tone is significant as far as the metaphorical language is concerned. The tone is the attitude of the writers towards their audience here. The author chooses his words and adjusts them to his readers' interests. Emotion is just a state of mind.


(4) Intention :

As far as intention is concerned in figurative language. Those writers are conscious or unconscious targets, it is the effect that one is trying to produce. Purpose also controls the pressure, shapes the setting, or catches attention for something important. So it is very important in the rhetorical language.

• “Sources of misunderstanding in poetry” :

Source is very important in figurative language. Practical criticism includes the study of literary judgment by I.A. Richard has given the theory of figurative language. He began the first debate on the sources of misunderstanding in poetry. He says it's hard to find sources that cause misunderstandings. In addition, he says that as far as poetry is concerned, there are four sources of misunderstanding. Because one source of misunderstanding is interconnected to another, it becomes very difficult to diagnose, with certainty, the source of a particular error or misunderstanding. The source of this kind of misunderstanding is possible but rarely.

  For some readers the meter and verse form of the poem are as powerful as a barrel organ or a brass-bend distraction, trying to solve a difficult mathematical problem. But as we know, meters and rhymes are an essential part of poetry and cannot be distinguished. Therefore, the reader should often make a poem. Because the constant reading of the poem can solve the problem of meter and verse. To understand its conception the reader should read a poem. Perhaps constant reading can solve various doubts about poetry. This misunderstanding of the spirit of the poem must be resolved by the reader. So that he can understand the idea of ​​poetry.

  Here I.A. Richards also says that the source of the misunderstanding in poetry. This complex situation gives rise to a misunderstanding or misconception that syntax in poetry after syntax is less significant and the proper way to understand poetry is through a kind of assumption - karma, also called intuition. Such fantasies are strongly solved. Because they are somewhat true. This aspect of truth in poetry makes the reader most delusional and delusional. IA Richard warns his readers against this danger.
They comment that,

“ In most poetry the sense is as important as anything else;

It is quite as a subtle, and as dependent of the syntax as in

Prose; it is the poet’s chief instrument to other aims when it is not

Itself his aim. His control of our thoughts is ordinarily his chief means to the

Control of our feeling, and in the immense majority of instances we miss nearly everything "

• “The significance of visual memory”:

The importance of visual memory is briefly significant in this essay on metaphorical language. We can say that close study of poetry is necessary for proper understanding of metaphorical language. The reader should read the poem in the context of close reading. It must be carefully followed, but such literal reading should not come as much as the appreciation of its imagination, there should be a fair balance between literalism and imaginative freedom. The purpose of a poem should be to understand clearly such that it is wrong to explain it without understanding any decision of the way the poet has used it. New critics value the meaning after the end of the first poem. Because by doing this, they can learn the language - metaphor, speech figure, etc ... On art, the end of poetry can be achieved, even then analysis poetry can be given freedom.

• Source of Misunderstanding in Poetry:

In the study of literary judgment in pragmatic criticism, I.A. Richards has theorized the language of ornaments. He began the first debate on the sources of misunderstanding in poetry. He says it's hard to find sources that cause misunderstandings. In addition, he says that as far as poetry is concerned, there are four sources of misunderstanding. IA Richards There are four sources of misunderstanding of poetry. It is difficult to diagnose with precision and certainty, the source of some specific error or misunderstanding in the meaning of the poem. It is produced by negligence or outright negligence.

  I.A. Richards warns readers - Understanding in most poems is as important as it is subtle, and dependent on syntax, because in prose it is a poet's main tool for other purposes when it is not his purpose. Too much literal reading is the cause of the misunderstanding. Negative intuitive reading and professional 'non-literal reading' are easy-goddess justice rocks. Defective scholarship is the third source of misunderstanding in poetry.

  The reader may fail to understand the poet's spirit as he is unfamiliar with the poet's spirit. The most serious cause of misunderstanding is the failure to understand that the poetic use of words is different from the assumption that language can be fatal to poetry. Literature is a serious obstacle to proper understanding of poetic words. According to Richards, poetry is different from prose and a different attitude is needed for proper understanding.

  If we talk about other misconceptions of the spirit of poetry, we can say that some poets often choose to execute all tricks with their own understanding. Sometimes the poet completely dissolves the relevance of his meaning, and feels chaotic and inconsistent. Common rules of syntax and grammar can be thrown into the window. In this chaotic and inconsistent composition the complex situation of the poem arises. The reader may feel uncertain about solving it. As a result, a reader fails to grasp the concept of poetry and experiences a complex situation.

•  The Value of Figurative Language:

Sometimes it is possible that metaphorical language creates a slight misunderstanding in any literary work. It is therefore necessary to identify the figures of speech. It is difficult to turn poetry into logical respected prose. It is tied to a belief in liberty that is appropriate for the poet, and the power and value of the rhetorical language. There is no doubt that there is a similarity between the harp and the sound of the sea, but in poetry such things happen. It is clear that the effect proposed by the poet, astonishing awareness and a fusion of sea, lightning and spring, is an expression of those three most moving movements of nature. The poet shows rather negligence in the selection of the media he employs to achieve his end.

•  Conclusion:

A few more words, we can say that I.A. According to Richards, proper study of the rhetorical language requires close study of poetry. The reader should read the poem in the context of close reading. It must be carefully followed, but such literal reading should not come as much as the appreciation of its imagination, there should be a fair balance between literalism and imaginative freedom.

Paper 8 : Cultural studies

Paper 8 : Five types of Cultural studies

Five types of c.s from Department of English M.K.Bhavnagar University