Thinking Activity : The Study of Poetry by Matthew Arnold :

Thinking Activity : The Study of Poetry by Matthew Arnold :

Hello ! Readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

Here is my blog on Thinking Activity: The Study of Poetry by Matthew Arnold, this task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. For more information visit Dilip Bard Sir's blog Click here 

Let's look at a short biography of Matthew Arnold before discussing Arnold's views on good poetry and criticism.

Matthew Arnold : Victorian poet and critic :

Born : 24th December 1822

Death : 15th April 1888

He was also an English poet, cultural critic and novelist and colonial administrator. He was elected professor of poetry at Oxford in 1857. He was called the third greatest Victorian poet. His literary career began with the release of two prize poems, "The Stride Reveler and Other Poems," in 1849, the mood of his poetry being explicit and his tendency to express emotions. He felt that poetry should be a criticism of life and expressed philosophy.

The Victorian era has produced many critics, novelists, thinkers, and philosophers. Among them, Arnold holds a respectable position as a poet and critic. We all know that Arnold was an English Victorian great writer. He was born on December 24,1822 in England. As a poet, the work which gave Arnold a high place in the history of literature and in the history of ideas, was completed in the time he was able to escape his official duties. Among the leading authors of Victoria, Matthew Arnold is unique in that his reputation falls equally on his poetry and criticism of his poetry. Many readers have come to see Arnold as the most modern in Victorian. Arnold himself defines "text" as a professor of poetry at the 1874 literature at Cassford, "on the modern element in literature". In this lecture there was a transition from Arnold's poet to social and literary critic.

His Famous poems are :

 (1) " Thyrsis " ( 1865 )

 (2) " Sohrab and Rustum " ( 1853 )

 (3) " The Scholar Gipsy " ( 1853 )

 (4) " Rugby Chapel " ( 1867 ) 

 (5) " Memorial Verses to Wordsworth  "

Matthew Arnold As a critic :

Matthew Arnold was a good critic. A critic is basically a teacher and he must bear in mind that literature is a criticism of life. Arnold tries to expand the definition of criticism by saying that,

" It is endeavour in all branches of knowledge like theology, philosophy, history, art and science to see the object as itself it is rarely".

Critic must be disinterested :

Arnold emphasizes the term ‘disinterested’, the critic should be impartial without any prejudice. Critics must take an interest in evaluating and giving judgment. Matthew Arnold had an essay called "Function Criticism". Matthew Arnold mentions that great times of creativity are not forthcoming, and he cites for example, infant was a very short period of time, and then there is the law, and in that respect Arnold mentions that the critic has a very important role and that is the role that critics have. Authors should provide new ideas.

Characteristic of Good poetry  :

Arnold's poetry is supposed to apply a different meaning to the modern term applied to the views of the critic, the reformer, and the prophet, who devoted most of his life to expanding the intellectual horizons of his countrymen, the whole English-speaking world. The poem is something more than Keats "Beauty is Truth, the Beauty of Truth." Of which Arnold was then to say that he "doesn't need to know all", though that is a lot. It is a surrogate source for moral healing and a weak Christian faith for the ages. These views echo Arnold's discourses about the translation of Hormor (1861), in which "gentlemanship" is seen as a key feature of Homer's "study of poetry" (1880), which declares that the strongest part of our religion today is its unconscious poetry.


"Poetry as a Critic of Life" Arnold describes life as an application of critical and profound ideas, criticizing the laws of life and the laws of poetic truth and the 'beauty as truth, and the seriousness of matter' and 'the fullness of honor and practice. Arnold believes that poetry does not represent life, but rather that the poet adds something from his own noble nature and contributes to his criticism of this life.

Arnold's Touchstone Method :

Arnold's touchstone method of criticism was actually a comparative method of criticism. He followed the ancient Greek, Roman and French writers, the model being followed. Old English writers such as Shakespeare, Spencer, Milton were also taken as Maswell. Arnold took the route chosen by the modern author and compared them with the ancient author and determined the merits there. This method is called the "touchstone method" of Arnold. His general theory of poetry was the "touchstone method", which presented scientific criticism for critical evaluation by comparing scientific objections and as the two primary tools for judging individual poets.

Thinking Activity : I. A. Richards : Figurative Language

Thinking Activity : I.A. Richards : Figurative Language :

Hello Readers,

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

This is my thinking activity about I.A. Richards Figurative language this task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir,

About the I.A. Richard :

( 1893 - 1979 )

Ivor Armstrong Richard called I. A. Richards known as famous literary Critic, an English educator and rhetorician. His work contributed to the formal pastoral movement of literary theory at the base of the new critique, emphasizing literary lessons, particularly close reading of poetry, in an attempt to discover how the work of literature functions as a spontaneous and self-referential aesthetic.


His literary methodology of New Criticism describes in,


(1) " The Meaning of Meaning " ( 1923 )

(2) " The Principles of literary Criticism ( 1924 )

(3)" The Practical Criticism " ( 1929 )

There are three objective to wrote,

1. To introduce new kind of documentation.

2. To provide new technique.

3. To prepare a new way for education method.


In his work he discusses figurative language as well as allegorical language, which were closely related to textual and oral study and analysis of works of art.



Four type of Misunderstanding  :-

(1) Misunderstanding of the sense of Poetry : Careless, intuitive reading ( Ryme or regular syntax)

(2) Over literal reading - Prosaic reading

(3) Defective - Scholarship ; inappropriate metaphor

(4) Difference in meaning of words in Poetry and Prose ( Personification, Metaphor).

Four kinds of meaning :

1. Sense : 


Sense is the meaning of what is said, or 'things,' is referred to by the author.


2. Feeling :  


It refers to emotional attitude, desire, desire, joy, resentment and rest. When we say something, we have a feeling about it, "a tendency toward it, some personal taste or a feeling of color." The words "these feelings, this noise of interest" are expressed.


3.  Tone : 

Tone is the author's approach to his readers or audience. The use of language is determined by the author's 'validity' of his relationship with his readers.


4. Intention : 

The purpose is the intention of the author, who may be conscious or unconscious. It refers to the effect it is trying to produce. This motive changes the expression. It controls the pressure, shapes the arrangement or attracts attention for something important.

Verbal Analysis of the Song :

 Here i try to do verbal Analysis of Bollywood Hindi song which is taken from  Movie 2 states.

Movie: 2 States (2014)
Music: Shankar Ehsaan Loy
Lyrics: Amitabh Bhattacharya
Singers: Mohan Kanan, Yashita Sharma
Starring: Arjun Kapoor, Alia Bhatt
Music Label: T-Series



Analysis of Lyrics

 Tujh bin sooraj mein aag nahi re,

Tujh bin koyal mein rag nahi re,

Chandaniyan to barsen...

Phir kyun mere hath andhere lagde ne..

Han tujh bin phagun mein phag nahi re,

Haan tujh bin jaage bhi jaag nahi re,

Tere bina.. O mahiya...

Din dariya, rain jazeere lagde ne

Adhoori adhoori adhoori kahaani, adhoora alvida

Yoon hi yoon hi reh na jaaye adhoore sadaa

kesi teri naraazgi

gal sun le raaz ki

jism ye kya hai, khokhli seepi

rooh da moti hai tu

garaz ho jitni teri

badle mein jindaDi meri

mere saare bikhre suron se geet piroti hai tu

O mahiya.. tere sitam, tere karam

dono lutere lagde ne..

When we read the word, at the very first line we get a clear idea of ​​the poets' intentions of what he wants to describe and we think of a lover who has imagined his life without his beloved. And some natural elements like "Suraj" and " Koyal " Means " Sun " and "Cuckoo" to show their emotions how they feel. And describe his pain.

Problems in understanding of lyrics :


This song has some conflicting uses of language For example "suraj mein aag nahi re" and " koyal mein raag nahi re"

How is it possible that "there is no fire in the sun"? Or "Cuckoo's song has no music" or "Holi has no color, no festival of colors." As things are completely impossible, either nature or naturally.


However there is an emotional use of language. And also the use of personification in this song

"tere sitam, tere karam

  dono lutere lagde ne.."

So to summarize my point of view, I would like to say that the poet or songwriter uses metaphorical language to describe the feelings of lovers and what they experience in their lack of each other and things that never happen or are impossible.

Thinking Activity : Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Thinking Activity : Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie :

Hello Readers....

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

Here is my blog on thinking Activity task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir.

About the Author : 

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a Nigerian writer, born on September 15, 1977. The most famous of the critically acclaimed young Anglophone author's procession was described as the "Times Literary Supplement", which has managed to attract a new generation of readers. African Literature. "The American Embassy." Henry received the award. He also won the 2002 BBC World Service short story award. In 2010 she was listed in the authors of The New Yorker's "20 Under 40" Fiction Issues. Her story "Ceiling" was included in the 2011 version of the best American short stories.

Her Famous Novels are :

(1) Purple Hibiscus (2003)

(2) Half of a Yellow Sun (2006)

(3) Americanah (2013)

Let us discuss about her videos,

(1) The Danger of Single story

(2) We should All be Feminist

(3) post truth in post truth era

The Danger of Single story :

In this video Danger of Single Story Chimamanda Nagosi Adichie describes the different types of experiences she had in her childhood. At the beginning of the video he gives an introduction about his family. Her father was a professor and mother was a professor. He read "The British and American Student Book of White and Blue Eyes. He says I love American and British books. He saves me. He belongs to a middle-class family. Then he shared the experience of his neighbor. She had a new dinner with the boy." Home: Her family was poor. Her mother said that she was very kind when she finished her meal. Then she shared her experience with her professor. Her speech shocked the American teacher, good English. He thought that Africa was a place where beautiful plants, animals and different people were treated by white Americans. Can't speak African stories are always about darkness. One day she used to visit American students and they Mana asked about blackness, she replied very simply that she had read about the American people's psycho. And she also shared her experiences about food, their lives and habits of the US and Mexican people. Shares about her different types of experiences. My view of this video is that I like the Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie view because the main reason is that he never thought about the difference between American white people and African black people. As a child, she loved British and American books. She never regretted her poverty. Many times in her life she felt embarrassed for herself by other white people but she never gave up. She continues to write and publish her books.

We should all be Feminist :

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is another video of we all should be feminists. Yes, I like this video and Chimamanda's point of view because in this video she so beautifully describes her own experiences of feminism and gender bias in her friends and childhood. Because we all know that our so-called "culture" is patriotic. Not just today but for many years, especially in Africa. Therefore, in this video Chimmanda tells her experiences that her teacher in her elementary school took an exam in her classroom and the deal would be the highest mark the student will oversee in the classroom. Chimmanda got the highest marks and one boy who got the second highest marks but the teacher had class because he was a boy. Chimamanda says she was shocked when she first heard the word "feminist" and tried to find the word in the dictionary. And he says I'm a happy feminist. Why society looks at women with so-called ideal women. Most people said that their novels were feminist novels. He then discusses marriage arrangements. Even in marriage, looking at women is quite different because after marriage, people say that she is transformative. Why women work only in the business or in society with men for cooking and as housekeepers Chimamanda says that the language of marriage is often a proprietary language rather than a partnership. And he also says that the problem of gender has been very suggestive of how we should be compared to how we are. Culture does not make people but people make culture. This is Chimamanda's view of feminism.

Importance of Truth in Post Truth era :

" Be courageous, Tell the truth "

The third video contains the words of Chimamanda Nagosi Adichie. That post is about the importance of truth in the age of truth. I love to tell her the truth in every moment and situation. In this video he says that my personal spirit has never been broken. And she also shares a very funny incident about a misspelling of her name by a woman. He says read literature, read widely, read poetry, literature and non-fiction. Make human stories central to your understanding of the world. Think of people as people. Listen to yourself on the other side or look at the visual side. There is no other side to the sun's rise or truth in the east. Whenever you wake up it is your morning. The world is calling you. So, in this video he discusses telling the truth in every area, rather than being silent.

views help you in understanding literature and life I can say that all the scenes of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie help me understand my life better because in the third video she says be courageous and tell the truth. Which helps me build my confidence. She is a black African woman so she faced many problems during her childhood in society and in schools and colleges leases. Yet she is very confident and has become a successful person in her life. I am inspired by her. And his views help me understand literature better because literature is about culture, society, politics, and Chimamanda describes the situation very simply as how we need to develop confidence.

SR : literature and religion : Northrop Frye- ritual, myth and archetypes of literature.

SR : literature and religion : Northrop Frye- ritual, myth and archetypes of literature :

Hello readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

            Here is my blog on Northrop Frye's ritual, myth and archetypes of literature. This blog is given by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.

Northrop Frye- Rituals, myth and the archetypes of literature :

Literary Criticism The word archetype refers to narrative constructs, patterns of action, character types, themes, and images that are identified in the literary key words as well as in mythological and social rituals. Artificial criticism, as it applies to literature, is a form of criticism that "interprets text by focusing on repetitive myths and archeology." In literary criticism, the archetype, a primitive image, a system of characters or circumstances that reverberates throughout the literature and is constantly thought of as a universal concept or situation.



  If we think about literature and then we can say that literature gives us a way of thinking from out of box. But religion does not allow for new and unique thinking. In India the myth co-exists with human life. Most Indians who believe in mythical and mythological heroes. They cannot question the stupid rituals of religion. The Archetypes of Literature in Northrop Fry's Works, in which we find Frye's argument. Here we are looking for religion and myth. The relationship between religion and literature is complex, due to critical thinking. Divine in criticism or you could say that God acts like human beings. That is why they do not believe in Superior Power. It is even more complicated when religion and literature deal with the same document. Religion is nothing but fiction. So for a critic, God is like a human being, even if it is in the Bible and heaven is lost. In India too we have God like Ram, Krishna and Shiva. But the Critic does not think like ordinary people and do not believe in the rituals of war ships. Northrop Fry is trying to say that literature is as valuable as other sciences in society. There will be an organized organization of organized literature in literature. History and myth are connected with religion in our society. So, if we look at the way of Northrop Fry, then we can find an elliptical mark in mythology or any literary work. Literature and religion are interlinked because of the myth that religion and literature are the basic thing in both. Any author or author wrote his work on the basis of any minor myth or legend retailing.


Here I want to put the legend of Ravan Dahan. Ramayana is one of the great epics of Indian literature. Therefore, on the basis of belief, our Indians celebrate Ravana Dahan on the day of Vijayadashmi because according to our legend Ravana Kidnapp Sita and Ram have fought and killed Ravana. This is the legend of Ravan Dahan in our Hindu religion. All Indians have been celebrating Ravana combustion for many years but if we look at the archetypal criticism and symbol of Northrop Fry, we can see here Ravana as a symbol of the evil person who signifies the triumph of evil over Good. In our society today, Ravan Dahan is not a fight between Ram and Ravana but the victory of good over evil. Therefore, we can say that religion and literature are interlinked and that they are an important part of our society.

Thinking Activity : Northrop Frye :

Thinking Activity : Northrop Frye :

Hello Readers...


Warmly welcome to you my blog,

This blog is about my academic task on Northrop Frye. This thinking Activity given by Dr. Dilip Barad head of English department.

Northrop Frye  : 

Northrop Frye was a well-known critic. His full name is Herman Northrop Frye. He was a Canadian educated and literary critic who wrote a lot on Canadian literature and culture and became known as one of the most important literary theorists of the 20th century. The present essay is taken from the book "Architecture of Literature." In the essay Frye analyzes critical literature against the background of rituals and religious fiction. It interprets literature in the light of various literature and legends. The fry has divided the smooth into three parts.

• The First deals with the concept of archetypal criticism. 

• The second of part throws light on the inductive method of analysis of a text. 

• The third part focuses on the deductive method of analysis. All the method fall under  structural criticism. 

Question : 1 What is Archetypal of Criticism? What does the Archetypal Critic do?

Archetype is the term of narrative creation, symbol, character, dream, collective images, legends, rituals and universal objects. The 'archetype of criticism' means repeated narrative design, and it probably creates images and patterns of another character and theme type in the literature. The archetypal critic seeks to find these patterns, symbols, and legends in current literary work.

Question : 2 What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of 'Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'.

Fry compares physics with nature, saying that criticism as science and literature is a matter of science. He also says that physics is an organized body of knowledge about nature. Frye criticizes literature by trying to prove physics for nature and by analogy. Basically here Frye tries to compare the two, as any physics student studies them primarily or rather physics rather than nature. So it is easy to make sense or ideas for the study of the nature of physics. While the other side of the comparison. We can say that criticism has a similar philosophy or strategy instead because it has a special way of studying literature.

Question : 3 Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Literature is the central division of humanity, on the one hand through history and philosophy on the other. We can say that history and philosophy are two pillars of literature. History represents what happened in the past. Basically, history is about past events and actions. While philosophical education is about the morality and morality of life. Frye uses the word centrifugal to mean moving away from literature and gaining a background in understanding literature. So for the reader's understanding of literature the reference to the structure of history and philosophy is to the understanding of morality.

Question : 4 Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

The inspiring method is the journey that leads from specific to ordinary. We read certain literary works and come to general conclusions, thus extending from a certain result to a general result. An excellent example of this method is the scene of a serious digging from Hamlet, it is a typical scene, and from that scene we come to some general conclusions. In that scene there were two tomb diggers and he seemed to be quite consistent with his work. They used to talk to each other and sing at the digging of the tomb. They were also joking over the dead Ophelia and commenting on whether she allowed it or not. Here we can see that they have no regrets for a fatal person. It was his job and that's why they got used to it. It has become their normal task so that they have no feelings for the dead.

Question : 5 Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method.

The deductive method is a journey from ordinary to specific. Music and rhythm are both forms of art. Music is a form of art that moves over time and painting is a form of art that moves into space. The music is the rhythm and the painting is the pattern. In music we can understand its rhythm while in painting we can understand its pattern. Rhythm is a descriptive form, while the pattern is simultaneously in the mental grasp of the oral constitution and has meaning and significance. It provides mental vision. We can't get everything by listening to some music, but by looking at the painting we can get an idea of ​​its pattern.

Thinking Activity : Technoculture, Speed and Slow Movement

Hello Readers...

This is my educational blog for thinking about the activity slow movement & techno culture. This work given by Dr. Dilip Bard, Head of the English Department.

Introduction :

Risk theory for cultural studies illustrates the limitation of providing information about social culture, the potential for risk, potential solutions and so on. Risk theory reflects on the psychological impact of techno-culture where the cultural response to new devices is based on the awareness that they create new risks. Most systems social, political and technological are now self-referential: they generate risks and provide solutions.

Simulation and Simulacra :

  Simulation and simulacra are Jean Baudrillard's philosophical treatises of 1981, in which the author seeks to examine the relationship between reality, symbols and society, especially in the construction and understanding of the importance of culture and media and the shared existence of cognition. Simulacra is a copy that depicts things that either had no roots, or had no roots and had no roots. Simulation is the simulation of real-world processing or management of systems over time.

Slow movement :

  A movement that started with food and ended up touching millions. It all started when, in 1986, Carlo Petrini founded slow food to tackle fast food and fast life. The idea quickly became an international movement, reflecting an overwhelming desire for a cultural shift towards slowing the pace of life. This led to the launch of the Broder Slow Movement, which has now evolved into slow travel, slow cities, slow companies, slow parenting. To slow down is to slow everything down is just a gentle reminder to all of us that: We need to run so fast in life that we lose track of ourselves, our own values, and common sense. We need to reconnect with the inner voice that is used to guide us - because without it, both individuals, parents, entrepreneurs, and politicians are making critical decisions. We need to apply the same turbo - the speed of everything we do. Hurrying to some things is not surprising, so we need to get back to doing life at a decent pace and learn to slow down when life really matters. Carl Honore, author of the international best-seller book "In Prize Slough Alone" translated into more than 30 languages, recognizes the importance of slow luminosity. we have become more and more accustomed to speeding up every minute. Every moment seems like a race against the clock, a haunting blur to the finish line that we never reach. This roadrunner culture is advancing our health, our diet and ours. Everything from communities, relationships and diet and work to our communities, relationships and the environment.

Thinking Activity : Unit 2 Cultural studies

Thinking Activity : Unit 2 Cultural studies :

Hello Readers....

Warmly welcome to my blog,

This task.given by Dr.Dilipbarad sir, This is my academic blog on thinking Activity of cultural studies unit 2 five types of cultural studies.

What is Cultural studies ?

Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of research and teaching that investigates the ways in which “culture” creates and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power. Cultural Studies traces the relationships among aesthetic, anthropological, and political economic aspects of cultural production and reproduction. Cultural Studies relies on interdisciplinary research on the formation of knowledge, power, and difference. Cultural Studies scholars and practitioners explore constructions of race, class, ability, citizenship, gender, and sexuality in their effort to understand the structures and practices of domination and resistance that shape contemporary societies.

Types of Cultural Studies :

Culture is a word that is impossible to describe in one word. Culture is something that reflects on your identity. To know more about culture, we have to study about it. The "culture" itself is so hard to decipher and the "cultural studies" are so difficult to determine. “Cultural studies” is not so much a specific approach, but rather a set of practices.

  If we go deep into the meaning of cultural studies, we find that Cultural Studies is an educational field of critical theory and literary criticism that was started by British academies in 1964 and subsequently adopted by fellow academics around the world. Cultural studies is an academic discipline that assists cultural researchers, who provide theories about the forces through which the whole of humanity builds their daily lives. It is not a unified theory, but a study of a variety of fields incorporating different approach methods and educational properties.

  "The culture of a nation lives in the heart and in the lives of its people."

Five Types of Cultural Studies :

(1) British Cultural Materialism

(2) New Historicism

(3) American Multiculturalism

(1) African American Writers

(2) Latina/o Writers

(3) American Indian Literatures

(4)  Asian American Writers

(4) Postmodernism and Popular Culture

  (5)  Postcolonial Studies

Question : 1   What is your understanding about British cultural Materialism? 

Cultural materialism in literary theory and cultural studies traces its origins to the work of left-leaning literary critic Raymond Williams. Cultural studies in Britain is known as "cultural materialism" and has a long tradition.

  "Cultural materialism is a school of thought in anthropology."

  Cultural materialism says that the best way to understand human culture is to examine the physical conditions. Cultural materialism analyzes on the basis of critical theory in the tradition of the Frankfurt School. In the next 19th century, Matthew Arnold sought to redefine "given" British culture. The post-war methods of cultural literary criticism portray left-leaning trendy cultural materialism, aesthetically, formally acknowledged, ant historical historiography and politicized. Cultural materialism is also about culture or membership. cultural studies emerged as a theoretical movement in the early 1980s, with a new historical historiography, an American approach to modern early literature, with which it has a very common area. The term was coined by Williams, who used leftist culture to describe theoretical fusion and Marxist analysis, cultural materialists deal with specific historical historical documents and try to analyze and recreate the zoologist of the political movement in history. Ironically the threat to his project was mass culture. Raymond Williams lamented the richness of honest forms of life. Williams viewed culture as a "productive process", often referring to the resources of production and cultural materialism that he referred to as "residual", "evocative" and "anti" cultural elements that followed in the tradition of Herbert Marcuse. Antonio Gramsci and others expand the class-based analysis of traditional Marxism, with an additional focus on marginalizing cultural materialists. cultural physicists analyze the process by which hegemonic forces in society use texts such as Shenopier and Us Stein, of historical significance and use them in an attempt to validate or imply certain values ​​on cultural fantasy. The political Shakespearean Jonathan Dolimore and Alan Sinfield writers have made a significant impact in the development of this movement and his book is considered to be a semi-text. They have identified four defining characteristics of cultural materialism as a theoretical device.

Question : 2  What is contribution of Michael Foucault in new historicism? 

From Foucault, new historical historians developed the idea of ​​a comprehensive "totalizing" function of observable cultures in its literary texts, called the Fascault Epistem. Focal history was not the work of "universal" ideas: because we do not know the governing ideas of the past or present, we should not imagine that we have a "center" for mapping the "real".

Question : 3  How can new historicists help in answering the question raised against Laputa episode in Gulliver Travels? 

In "Flying Island and Female Anatomy: Strengths in Gynecology and Gulliver's Travels," Susan Bruce provides a reading of Book III that makes some new historical historiographical sense with Luputa's use of Swift. Bruce examines a four-volume commentary on Gulliver's Travels by a Corolini de Marco, in which the author gives a fairly dry share of his observations until Episode IV of the book,"A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms, " in which Gulliver captures rabbits for food.

 Question : 4 Exemplify four types of analysis of popular culture. Apply it on popular artefacts.

There are four main types of popular culture analysis :

(1) Production Analysis : 

It ask quotations like:

(a)  Who own the media?

(b)  Who create text and why?

(c) How democratic of elitist is production of popular culture ?

(d) What about works written only for money?

 
(2) Textual analysis: 

It examines how specific works of popular culture created meanings.

(3) Audience analysis:

it asks different group of popular culture consumers or users, make similar of different sense of some texts.

(4) Historical analysis: 

It investigates how these other three dimensions over times.

Question : 5  Difference between modernism and postmodernism. 

Modernity relied on the use of rational, logical ways to acquire knowledge, while northern modernity rejected the use of logical thinking. In modernity, art and literary works were considered as unique works of artists. The authors were serious about the purpose of producing artists and literary works.