Assignment 09 The Modernist Literature

 Name :- Dharaiya Sanjay A. 

Roll no :- 25 

Enrolment no :- 2069108420200009 

Semester- M. A. Semester - 3 

Paper no :- 09

Topic :-  Characteristics of ‘The Modern Age’:

Year :- 2020- 2021 

Words:- 1657

Email :- dharaiy9@gmail.com 


Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar Uni.

Discuss the General Characteristics of ‘The Modern Age’:

About the Modern literature:

The origins of modernist literature date back to the late 19th century and early 20th century. There is a very unique and different character about modernity in the modern age. In both poetry and prose literature, the age is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing. Transformation in this age and the complete transition of people's lives into social and private things. It is a very radical change in the human mind and thoughts. Modern literature is a compromise of the Victorian era. It is very interesting that this era is a complete change like Old to New, blinded by this kind of thinking. Here I want to discuss the general characteristics of age. So, let us discuss in detail:


Some of the characteristics give as:

1) Anxiety and Interrogation

2) Art  for Life’s Sake

3) Growing Interest in Poor and the Working Classes

4) Impact of Socio-Economic Condition on Literature

5) Psychology and Literature

6) The Impact of the Two World Wars

7) International Character of Literature

8) The Influence of Radio,Cinema,and Television

9) Conclusion


[1] Interrogation and Anxiety: 

The 20th century is known as the age of inquiry and anxiety. The scientific revolution of this century shook man's faith in religion and the authority of the church. The social, moral, political and economic landscape was changing rapidly. People weren’t willing to accept anything without being tested on a causal touchstone. Modern industrial and technological advances gave birth to a spirit of competition. This led to frustration, anxiety and sophistication. The literature of this period reflects all these tendencies.

                 The modern age is also famous as anxiety and inquiry. Various changes took place in this era; Scientific revolution and rational thought etc. Religion and church became rights during this time. All these have been established during this time. During this era, Pati claims the freedom and action of the people. This Edge Man and Woman gives their thoughts on extraordinary enthusiasm, experimentation and improvement. At this time the modern industrial gives birth to the competition of industrial and technological spirit. Here we can say that this age is very useful for the modernization of the world, these were the main tendencies of concern and introduction in the literature of the modern age.


[2] Art's for Life's Sake:

In the modern age, the principle of art was rejected for the purpose of art. The principle of art for the sake of life was established. Shaw in the field, H.G. The contributions of Wells and Kipling are memorable. Writers of the modern age, they rejected "art for the sake of art". Art is a form of self-expression. Many people use it to express their feelings and emotions towards aggression and happiness or abnormality - all the emotions that are in the soul of every person, the author has focused his attention on all the problems of the modern age. Modern literature is totally dependent on reality and the things inherent in it. The modern age has been furthered by scientific exploration. The problem was exacerbated in the real literature of the modern age. H. G. Wells and Rudyard Kipling with the building and flow of his empire.


[3] Growing interest in the poor and the working classes:

The beginning of the 20th century marks the end of middle class supremacy. The poor were no more helpless creatures. They challenged the social end conscience. They became the raw material of real novel and drama. Thus this era shows the growing interest of the people in the poor and the working class. During the year 1900, we can mark the beginning of the middle class supremacy. Is the standard of writing and writing of middle class people. The society aroused the desire of the poor working class to take collective action to improve the living conditions. Middle Victorian writers, Dickens, Thackeray, Kingsley, Reed, Mrs. Gaskell, etc... are all writing on critical thinking on the poor working class. Working class members depend entirely on their income from labor, thus, according to more broad definitions, early 20th-century writers "questioned every aspect of life in every way." This is a genesis' introverted habit of the mind.


[4] Impact of socio-economic conditions on literature:

In modern times literature has been greatly influenced by economic and more social changes. In modern times martial and canines, they are raising their voices against poverty. The way they change the way economics thinks. Finally, the literature review focuses on two systematic and basic macro-level features: the extent of uniformity between schools, and the degree of centralization of education standards and norms in society. Economic and social changes influenced 20th century literature. Rapid industrial development changed the social and economic landscape. The landing aristocracy and farm laborers were in great trouble. Young villagers began migrating to industrial cities. There was a complete breakdown of the rural lifestyle. Urbanization changed the way of social relations. Money became a major factor in all-human relations. Economists speak out against poverty. Changing ways of social behavior influenced literature. Marxism and socialism came into existence and they influenced the writers of that period. Literature is very useful during the time it is for all people. In this age it has become like urban. The modern age We all know that Marxism has a very influential influence on literature and the writer.


5)    Psychology and literature :

There is a new psychology in the modern age and all this research has influenced the literature. It is an intellectual belief that is supposed to be rational in emotional aspects. The growing interest in psychology is influenced by literature. At this point sexual behavior has completely changed. Literature and psychology are the two branches of science that study the human soul. Psychology conducts research on human behavior and its causes while literature depicts human behavior through literature. Rational perspectives on sexual relations are also involved in this time. The ‘flow of consciousness’ is provided by psychology and the theory of sexuality. The Virginia Woolf, for example, is also influenced by psychoanalysis and sexuality yoga.


6) The impact of the two world wars:

At that time there was the influence of world war in all ages. During this time the post-war period is known as the 'Depression'. The article evaluates World War II, which has been responsible for Europe's development since 1945. It seeks to affect wars that can clearly have a direct impact on the effects of wars that can already be seen as a result of changes affecting war-fighting.  Europe, and post-war developments, such as the Cold War and the European Union. This time we realize that unemployment is the basis of time. The modern times we know as the two wars are mostly famous and mentioned by the authors. In detail we can see that the special effect of the Second World War on man and human life. It makes a difference in the lives of all people. In The Heroes of the Age the author writes about World War II in his literary work. Big Book writes about anti-war books and after two wars. We can read about the futility and sanctity of World War I in the ‘Undertones of War.' Then we can say that these features are very useful and ideal for the readers. We can note the impact of the two world wars on modern day literature. After the frustrations of the First World War, want and unemployment have increased. The League of Nations was established to establish world peace. Despite this effort, World War II began. England also suffered a big loss. He then wrote a large number of anti-war books. These books exposed the futility and hollowness of war.


7)international character of literature:

Literature in the Victorian era was associated with the state of England. It is influenced by the spirit of nonviolent humanism. There is an international character in the literature of the early 20th century. They are presented as derivatives of ordinary characters living in the periphery of the anthropomorphic or ordinary world. His Raisin D'Tray always remains to act as the main characters or villains. Humanitarian was frustrated Ness was displaced by partisan propaganda. Hudson also gives an idea of ​​this issue in English literature.


8)the influence of radio,cinema and television :


We all know that in our routine life we ​​can all use different resources like internet, mobile and television etc. Technology has the power to influence not only education, but also culture, religion and individual ideas and beliefs. When the world's population continues to grow, our global world seems to be shrinking because we have been able to connect with people in a way we never imagined. Development is very influential in cinema, radio, literature. If we think about radio it brings literature to our home. It aims to provide a variety of broadcast narratives, plays and literary discussions. “Radio broadcasting is one of the greatest educational tools ever put at the disposal of a civilized man. It is an instant, universal medium of communication. The oldest mediums available to teachers are known as ‘visual education’ or ‘visual instruction’ because they do not yet link sound progress. The same cinema is useful for our better film comprehension techniques is the number of experiments. Here we see that the use and need of radio television is how to help in our work. Radio and cinema greatly influenced literature in the modern era. The radio was bringing literature home. It opened a whole new field for writers.  Cinema also played an important role. The invention of the engine and telegraph, fast and cheap intercommunication resulted in an intellectual revolution. Printing was multiplied and cheaper.


Conclusion

The literature of the new age is the reconstruction of the literature OS challenges and new values. It is an exciting age for writers. Age is marked for a specific break with age.

Assignment 10 The American Literature

 Name :- Dharaiya Sanjay A. 

Roll no :- 25 

Enrolment no :- 2069108420200009 

Semester- M. A. Semester - 3 

Paper no :- 10 

Topic :- Themes of The Old man and the Sea

Year :- 2020- 2021 

Words:- 1528 

Email :- dharaiy9@gmail.com 

Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar Uni.

Topic : Themes of The Old man and the Sea 

Introduction:-

The Old Man and the Sea is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952. It was the last major work of literature to be produced by Hemingway and published in his lifetime. It is one of his most famous works and has its centers on Santiago, an elderly fisherman.  He struggles against Marlin far out to sea. The Old Man and the Sea were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Literature in 1953 and were cited by the Nobel Committee in 1954 for their contribution to the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Themes :-

Hemingway’s lifelong interest and expertise in athletic activities and physical adventures such as fishing, bullfighting and hunting in the deep sea give further information to his literary work. The idea of ​​their skills includes strength, physical prowess and perseverance. Many of its heroes combine these qualities, strive towards them or suffer from their loss. Old Man and Seat Se Kals themes that occupied Hemingway for his entire life.

Perseverance :-

The Old Man and sea explain the theme of being different in different ways and at different levels. First, even if the old man does not catch the fish in 84 days, he will not mourn his fate or be angry with his opponents. Instead, denying the length of his bad luck, the old man keeps going to the fish, trying harder to catch more fish than anyone else in the open sea. Second, like the old man, Marlon also does not surrender and does not go into the stomach, but uses his size and power to pull the old man's bar further into the sea, thus making him a formidable opponent. Third, beating largely by Morlin’s size and strength, Santiago defeated the mighty fish, as it is willing to endure fatigue, hunger, thirst and pain. The same willpower enables the old man to wait for the strength of his opponent, the same will to be able to play a flawless game to the hero of the old man, despite the same painful injuries. Eventually, when the shark attacks and feeds the marlin until nothing is left, the old man, despite losing his weapon with each encounter, has nothing but a fist to cut or stop them.

Pain and Suffering :-

The theme of pain and suffering is intricately linked to perseverance and appears in many ways. Pain is the price a fisherman must pay for a plentiful catch. The old man's hands are stained with stains, speaking of a lifelong history of struggle with opponents at sea. Throughout the story, it becomes clear that while these marks are indeed a sign of age, hardship and suffering, they are also a sign of strength, determination and victory. No pain, no gain: In the context of this story, the phrase implies that any proper catch comes with bodily bodily bodily injuries cutting off a fisherman's arm, hand, face, and back while holding the fish.  Try. To be a fisherman is to suffer.

  However, the theme of pain and suffering goes deeper. The ability to endure pain and suffering sets humans apart from other creatures. Despite being a strong opponent, Marlin eventually gives in and allows himself to be pulled inside while the old man continues to suffer from physical fatigue, three painful bruises, stretched arms and hunger after eating raw fish. Moreover, its ability to endure pain and suffering sets Santiago apart from other fishermen. In the same way that Jim Dimigiver suffers painful injuries to pull an unparalleled hit, Santiago rejects obstacles that smaller, stronger and potentially more successful fishermen do not try. None of the fish that Santiago is as big, strong, and magnificent has yet arrived. The old man’s ability to endure pain and suffering establishes him as a hero who rises above others.

Circle of Life :-

Life and death are the leading themes in The Old Man and the Sea. The old man muses that the sea, which is nature’s own symbol, is at once beautiful and cruel because it gives life and takes it away. Sea turtles swallow jellyfish, fight fights, sharks eat merlin and males catch fish.  Each animal has its place in the food chain that continues the circle of life. The death of one animal provides life for another. The apparent opposing forces of life and death are in fact the perfect balance.

  However, there is another aspect to this theme. Even though Santiago appreciates the circle of life and recognizes his own place within it, he will fight hard to rise above it and survive. He risks his life to live longer than anyone who catches a fish big enough to provide meat to eat out and sell. He defended his grip against the shark, to satisfy the excessive bleeding that killed the deadly creatures. Fishing is Santiago’s livelihood;  That's all he can do to make a living. While nature keeps the opposing forces in perfect balance, life and death are the poles that mark individual life. Hemingway shows that the human being who distinguishes himself from other living beings has a constant desire to be a person. The old man, who lives alone in his hut, explains the human condition: the struggle against death that every man must fight on his own.

Physical Strength and Skill :-

As his weather-beaten body shows, Santiago is not as strong as he used to be. However, in his epic struggle with Merlin, the old man completes that loss of vitality and strength with the best knowledge and skills. He knows how to read nature, he knows how to operate the line to predict the movement of a fish, and he knows how to interpret these movements. That’s not all - he also knows himself and his limitations. He knows how to move himself forward and how to cope with the terrible effects of a long struggle on his physical strength. He knows exactly when to eat and when to rest, and he uses his skills to overcome his limitations. When he loses one weapon after another while fighting a shark, the old man uses the resources at his disposal to create temporary weapons that keep him alive. However, throughout the story, it has become clear that despite the old man's physical strength, skills and willingness to take risks, he lacks luck and therefore cannot achieve material success.

Pride, Honor, and Respect :-

Although the old man is polite and seems to care a little about the opinions of other fishermen, he is proud of his skills and seeks recognition for them. After all, he wants Manolin to be with him, not only to help him fish and overcome loneliness, but also to show what kind of man the boy is and to witness the biggest catch of his life. The catch is so great because the size, strength and perseverance of the fish - Marlin pulls the rock for many days - makes him a worthy opponent to the old man's respect.  Defeating him in conflict demands respect from others in return for everything the old man takes. It does not matter if it does not fulfill the original purpose of returning with the meat to catch, eat and sell the fish. The admiration of the villagers for the magnificent skeleton attached to the crowd of the old man shows that honest defeat brings honor. It is a struggle that counts, one has all the strength to prepare, no matter what the outcome.

The Honour in Struggle  Defeat and Death:-

From the very first paragraph, Santiago is classified as a fighter against defeat. He has earned the honor in eighty-four days without catching a fish - he will soon pass his own record of thirty-eight days. Almost reminiscent of Santiago's struggle, his journey to revelation feels like a "flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses to give up at every turn: he decides to get out of the other fishermen where the biggest fish is promised. He set an eighty-seven day record after a three-day brutal fight, and that shark continued to stabilize its prey, even though it knew the battle was futile.

The man and The Natural world:-

The old man is unique in his relationship and understanding with the natural world. She is a woman who knows about the sea, knows birds as friends, sharks as personal enemies. He investigates the relationship between turtles and jellyfish, fish and birds. Animals and the natural world become lenses through the way we examine the old man: they become illustrations and analogies to gain an understanding of his character. The old man justifies his actions and the actions of others and interprets the things they are “born to do” We see a sense of inevitability in these thoughts.

• Conclusion:-
 
Old Man and the Sea is the most famous novel by Ernest Hemingway, considered himself one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom Bell the Old Man and Sean, perhaps Ernest Hemingway's most famous novel, considering himself one of the greatest American writers. His other works include For Whom Bell Tiles and A Farewell to Arms.

Assignment 11 The post colonial literature

 

Name :- Dharaiya Sanjay A.

Roll no :- 25

Enrolment no :- 2069108420200009

Semester :- M. A. Semester - 3

Paper no :- 11 The Post -Colonial literature

Topic :- Note on "The Black skins and white masks."

Year :- 2020- 2021

Words:- 1224

Email :- dharaiy9@gmail.com

Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Note on "The Black skins and white masks."

Introduction:-

Frantz Fanon was born in Martinique in 1925 and received a traditional colonial education. When he went to France to fight for resistance and training as a psychiatrist, his assimilationist illusion was overwhelmed by the gaze of metropolitan racism. His first book, Black Skin White Mask (1952), was based on his experiences with racism, Fanon, in this book, defines colonial relations as the mental non-recognition of the subjectivity of immigrants. His next work is The Richard of the Earth. Stuart Hall describes the book as the "Bible of the decolonization movement." Fanon died in 1961, just as Algeria was gaining its independence. But his final texts challenge whites to free themselves from all forms of mental domination. "Black Skin White Mask" is a book about the mentality or psychology of racism. The book looks at what goes on in the minds of black and white people under the conditions of white rule and its strange influences on black people. The book is his doctoral thesis, written by Fanon to get a degree in psychiatry. The book is worth reading because of Fanon's understanding of white French racism in the early 1950s and may also help to understand white American racism in the 2010s.

The black man and Language:-

It is most important to think of that language first. The black man has two dimensions. One blackens his partner and the other with whites. A black man behaves differently with a white man than he does with another black man, he is also important for reality, but he is not only white for a man, but also white. This objective fact is the reality of the state. It is not for the situation and the work done is understandable. And impotent for the success achieved and it is impotent for any language. But below more black French language and white also he gets the color one gets to be a true human being. Why always black man justifies his attitude in relation to language. Language becomes God so why only black man had to be a victim of life. In all plays it is the same kind of capital so the problem is the same. Plane trees and many other things that are gorgeous that have nothing to do?

The black man entering France reads the legend of Martini, who swallows what works on him and enters into an open conflict with him. There is a psychological phenomenon that involves believing that the world will open up when borders are broken. They meet and talk. And newcomers are quickly given the floor as they wait for it. Wearing European clothes it is often original. French floor woman and a “The Power of Language” And even if Monsieur Breton was telling the truth, I don't see where the contradiction is. I don’t see why there should be any emphasis because all the time is MartiniCanaga after Krisier. French will represent the refuge of the language as the second language they have learned. Black will respond We should respect that a white man like Breton writes such things about us.


The Woman Color and The White Man:-

Man is a movement of love that is a gift of the self, the final stage which is commonly called the moral approach. Every consciousness seems to be able to show evidence of these two elements simultaneously or alternately. Analysts and epistemologists have a hard time understanding the extraordinary phenomenon of this order and man has true love, real love. This chapter is devoted to the relationship between a woman of color and a European man. We will try to determine the extent to which authentic love will be impossible until this feeling of inferiority or this Adler is aroused.

  "I would have liked to marry a white man. Simply, colored in the eyes of every right to be related. Apart from this in a sense it is brought into the corner. Expect this to exist.  Mayotte, a woman named Capelin, whose inspiration followed, the reasons for which are hard to understand, sat down and wrote 202 pages on her life, the most ridiculous of which. Mayotte loves the white man unconditionally. He is fat. He asks for nothing, considering nothing but a little whiteness in his life. And then she asks herself if she is generous or ugly. Those writers "Everyone knows she has blue eyes, blond hair, pale complexion and I love her." And the black man has fear and blue eyes.

The Man of colour and the White Woman :

White woman like white man. She says she likes white man saying she loves him like a white man because he was a white man. Her love opens the famous path that leads to perfect fulfillment. White culture and merit become mine. Thirty years ago a dark-skinned black man in full coats with a live blonde aimed at a live blonde

  "We will try to understand the case of the black man" will study the attitude of the black man in depth. This is the thread of the matter. "He doesn't understand his gender." And “Negroes from their colonies also do not hold the key to the black man who shaped their image. Unable to unify the uninitiated without anyone noticing he begins to communicate with the dead or at least is absent. "Nigra, we want to be like a lot of white boys."  The Negroes adopted Mather Ther Land and they too are ashamed of a white man and in this way we come to grips and adopt the language and whiteness, which is not the birth contained on it, it does not seem that the over-mindedness determined by society goes away and  They think that one becomes good and superior to society.

  She needs a white man after she cools a brother they don't become black men. Listen to Jean's tendency to recover from a lack of confidence in the past and an impossibility to explain himself which can describe a small hothouse kind of frustration. At the end of the chapter see how a woman looks at a man not only in color, but also in other quilts. Black men are no different than black and white.

A key element in the postcolonial agenda is to disassemble Eurocentric standards of literary and artistic values ​​and expand literary theory to include colonial and subsequent authors. And at the moment we are analyzing Fenon's book 'Black Skin, White Mask'. The book is divided into several chapters. Each chapter has its own significance. They deal with the mental aspect. It includes the status of black people and their mentality.
Franz Fanon was influenced by many thinkers and traditions, including Jean-Paul Paul Sarre, Lacan, Negritude and Marxism.  He was influenced by Aim Caesar, the leader of the Neglected Movement, an admired teacher and mentor on the island of Martinique. Fanon referred to Caesar's writing as his own composition.


Conclusion

In black skin white masks the phenons display in one color and they give power to their skin but it is just a mask but sets the mind that white man is a culture and they greet others and an essay on "Black Skin White Mask." I summarize my topics with the question, why do people think that white people are fair and good and black people are bad?

Assignment :- 12 English Language Teaching - 1

Second Language teacher education by Donald Freeman :

Name :- Dharaiya Sanjay A.

Roll no :- 25

Enrolment no :- 2069108420200009

Semester :- M. A. Semester - 3

Paper no :- 12 ( English Language Teaching - 1)

Topic :- Second Language Teacher Education by Donald Freeman

Year :- 2020- 2021

Words:- 1739

Email :- dharaiy9@gmail.com

Submitted to :- S. B. Gardi Department of English. Maharaja krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University.

Introduction of “Donald freeman:

Donald Freeman is the director of teacher education and an associate professor of education at the University of Michigan School of Education. He is also a Senior Faculty Fellow at Graduate School, Brattleborough, Everment for International Training. Research His research interest in his subject "Second Language Teacher Education" focuses on teaching Donald free man and can easily understand the teaching method. Donald Donald's references to organizational and systemic reform and its impact on student education. Modern He serves on the editorial board of the Modern Language Journal and previously served on the board of education researcher and Tesol Journal. He is a former president of Tesol and a member of the University of Cambridge ESOL Advisory Committee.

Introduction of Second Language Teacher Education :

English language skills are important for any country that wants to be an active participant in the global economy and has access to information or knowledge related to social and economic development.

Field In terms commonly used in the field, these formal formal activities are usually teacher training, while the teacher is primarily known as teacher development, on a voluntary individual basis.
His is the central English teaching and English language teacher of his enterprise.

The shift in Termin terminology is due to L2 teacher education, at least for the last 30 years.

The field of teacher education is relatively one of the least researched in the teaching of both second and foreign languages.

Teaching Language education makes little comparison with the literature on issues such as the methods and techniques of literature on teacher teaching.

Worked further with the Professional Professional Meeting to establish a major interest in teacher education in the field and to clarify the central issue.

Introduction to teacher education materials and processes Presents a large set of current problems of teacher education.

Second Language Teacher Education by Donald Freeman :

Second language teacher education describes the area of ​​professional activity through which individuals learn to teach L2. In terms commonly used in the field, these activities are commonly referred to as teacher training, while those conducted by experienced teachers are primarily voluntary, on an individual basis, known as teacher development. I will return to this point of naming later At this stage, however, the reader should understand that the term teacher education refers to the sum of experiences and activities by which individuals learn to become language teachers. Those who teach whether new or experienced in business, in the East or in service are known as teacher-learners.

The shift in terminology, at least for the last 30 years, is due to L2 teacher education. The four-word concept is thought to be an awkward combination of subject matter and professional process. In this hybrid, the person of the teacher and the teaching-learning processes have often been overshadowed. As the relative emphasis is placed, the focus between these four words shifts from the ‘teacher’ person, the subject, from the ‘second language’, to the learning process or ‘teaching’, thus, capturing the evolution of L2 teacher education in the field.  Imagine. Until the late 1980s, the emphasis was on L2 teacher education. The primary focus was on the contribution of various academic disciplines - e.g. Linguistics, psychology and literature which made a person an 'L2 teacher.

Along with professional meetings, the teacher in the field served to establish a core interest in education and to clarify central issues. Thus, this line, L2 teacher education, and to examine teacher education in its own way in L2, emphasized the processes of teacher education. The teacher presents a large set of issues defining the content and processes of teaching. How people teach and the multiple influences of past experiences of teacher-learners, the school context they must enter and the career path they will follow (e.g. Freeman and Richards 1996), among others, an equally complex set of research and implementation  Anxiety. Combining these two is the third critical area of ​​work to achieve a fully effective teacher education intervention.

The irony is that L2 teacher education itself has very little concern about how people actually learn to teach. Rather, the focus has traditionally been on the subject matter what teachers should know and to a lesser degree on pedagogy how they should teach it. The notion that there is a learning process that undergarments, if not pointed out, is that teacher education is very recent. There are many reasons for this gap between teacher education and teacher education. Some research has to do with patterns and methods that are used to build value and our current knowledge-producing knowledge. In the case of teacher education, these examples raise questions about how education is defined and studied in education and how teacher education relates to the study of education.Other reasons are linked to history. In the case of L2 teacher education, these reasons have raised the issue of how the so-called 'parent' laboratory's linguistics - cognitive and experimental psychology - and first language editing have defined what language teachers need. Need to know and be able to do what should be. Still other reasons are associated with efforts to legalize education through professionalization and research-driven establishment, such as to improve study performance, as opposed to the knowledge gained from the study.

  There are many problems with this knowledge-dissemination views Primarily, it is based on the transfer of knowledge and skills from the teacher education program to the classroom to improve learning. Thus, this view, or discount, observes that teacher learning occurs from the beginning of the job-business in teaching practices.  Further, it does not take into account what the teaching teachers know about education and how they learn more than service-receiving, during their service career through professional teacher education.

Tensions between researchers and practitioners, who could be called 'colonialists', fueled a shift in research patterns and agendas in education. New directions of research began to emerge in the mid-1970s, with teachers seeking to describe the cognitive processes used in teaching. Thoughts, judgments, and decisions with different labels, these processes were examined to see how they shaped teachers' behaviors, interactions, and curricula In this interpretive or hermeneutical research paradigm, teachers were supposed to conduct their work thoughtfully, rationally, drawing relevant information about their students, curricula, school cultures, policies, which were filtered by their own beliefs, judgments, and values. Strongly with this change, however, teachers themselves were at least included in these research and documentation processes. In fact, research focuses on finding imaginative patterns of teacher thinking that can be used to educate new teachers to understand, analyze, and change the way classroom programs are used by effective teachers.

Background research plays an important role. Through research we find that students have different opinions. When we get different opinions at that time, we find out how people believe in different ideas, and through this research we get a little idea. We know about their knowledge, their point of view, their ability. And we communicate with them. That’s why they also clarify about research. We resolve their doubts only through communication and interaction. So congratulations become an important tool for teacher congratulations. And there are some controversies through this conversation, through these controversies we find that there are advantages and some negatives. So research becomes more useful. In teaching, method becomes more important. Because students learned a lot through this method. And that's why it's important. And as a teacher it becomes necessary, whether the student understands or not, the students ’point of view is important, creating a slightly healthier environment. This responsibility on the teacher. And students also get the courage to speak up, and it becomes active, and they participate, get involved and they also give suggestions. Their participation and their involvement is an essential and most important part. It also depends on the teacher, how they treat the students, their behavior becomes important. The environment plays an important role in the learning process. Some new techniques are created and applied and then the environment motivates students to do something. Through the teaching process, the learning process also takes place. And the teacher gets more innovative ideas. And through practice we learn. So practice also becomes important. And more practice gives more benefits and later it becomes perfect. Through new technologies, it brings a new change, it becomes completely new and strong for the students that is why they are the stars of interest.

Acknowledging the existence of prior knowledge in teacher education has led to a direct serious reconsideration of the role of institutional context in teaching. Clearly teacher-learner ideas about teaching from their experiences as students in the context of schools;  Similarly, their new methods as teachers are also shaped by this institutional environment. The question is, what is the role of schools in teaching? In general, little attention has been paid to how socio-cultural powers and values ​​in this institutional environment can shape, hinder, promote, or discourage new teachers.  Pre-service teacher education The school is considered as a place where teacher-learners go to teach in practice or internships and eventually work. Classrooms, students and schools are seen as settings in which the teacher-learners can implement what they are learning or the teacher has learned in formal teacher teaching. This tension - the time between specific needs and broad professional development, between the school and the teacher education institution, and between the teacher-learners and the knowledge of what they believe and what they should know will always be at the center of the provision of teacher education. However, the more teacher educators can account for time, space and prior knowledge in the design of their programs, the more successful these programs are likely to be.


Conclusion

One of the assumptions of teacher education is that access to programs and activities is the key to success.  From this point of view, teaching is seen as a by-product of competent teacher-learners and teacher educators, and well-designed design and materials.  Thus, in the broadest sense, teacher education is largely based on a training strategy to teach people how to do the work of teaching.

Introductory Thinking Activity : Nature

Introduction Thinking Activity : Nature :

Hello readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

Here I want to write a blog on nature. What is nature what is my feeling in natural beauty and how natural things teach us life lessons. The work given by Professor Vaidehi Mam in the Department of English.

Nature :

Nature is the most important part of our lives. Many writers and poets write many things about nature. Like William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Keats etc.. he writes many poems based on nature. He inspires the beauty of nature in his works and writes mysterious things of nature. William Wordsworth was one of the famous romantic poets. Most of his poetry is based on nature and we feel it when we read his poem.

When we are surrounded by nature, we feel at peace with no stress and stress in life. I want to spend my time with nature. Natural things and beauty provide us with aesthetic pleasure. The air smells, the sun shines brightly, the colors look more vivid and time seems almost frozen. Whether we are hiking, kayaking, watching wildlife or just enjoying a quiet picnic, there is something about the boring nature that makes our lives easier. Nature is our origin and the place where all our subtle needs for beauty, mystery and adventure are met. Nature has many gifts for us but if we are willing to discover its magnificent variety. We are very sensitive to the beauty of nature, looking for miracles and interesting things everywhere.

There is magic and wonder to the eyes We know how to look at nature with curiosity and love. We feel connected to nature, we can hardly explain why nature has influenced us so much, or why we try to spend time in nature. The truth is that we are part of nature. We feel powerful in nature. When we are disconnected from nature, we forget who we are. In order to live a happy and healthy life, we need to be able to feel at peace with our environment and enjoy the beauty of our surroundings. Nature provides everything we need to be happy and I also feel happy in nature.

The way of looking on nature :

Wordsworth says that, 

We know that William Wordsworth was a great Romantic poet. Wordsworth is a nature poet, known to every readers of Wordsworth. He is the supreme worshiper of nature. He believed that there is a mutual consciousness between man and nature.

"My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky "

This is the best nature of Wordsworth's poetry. Wordsworth expresses many features of romanticism: the love of nature, the relationship between the natural world and the personal self. Rainbow is the best nature poem. When we look at the rainbow in the sky, we also experience aesthetic pleasure. We see that nature wears different colors. It's the best moment for me when I first see the rainbow in the sky and when I read Wordsworth's poem "The Rainbow".

Nature is a wonderful gift of God to all men. We have both good and bad experiences of nature. It sometimes gives people all the happiness, joy and happiness and at the same time it hurts people. We cannot say that nature always shines on people. The image above shows the way to look at nature. We all have two perspectives on nature. One is our imaginary world which is the beauty of nature and the other is the reality which is the other side of nature. It always hurts a man.

My point of view about the Duality of nature :

I totally agree with Wordsworth's quotes Nature is the teacher of the whole human being. He teaches people a lot. I have had both good and bad experiences. Both are in front of my eyes. First I would like to describe the good experience of nature. For me, nature is a place where I feel very happy moments of my life. I always like to visit the places where nature spreads its wings. Nature contains natural resources. Some resources are good or some are bad. In my opinion nature is the most beautiful thing in the world. It offers a happy and healthy life but at times it is very harmful to us too. Nature full of greenery. The leaves give us fresh ox cessation and medicine but we have also had a bad effect for some time.

Nature provides good and bad influence on humans. A good relationship with nature helps individuals to connect with both the spiritual and social worlds.

" I wandered lonely as a cloud 

That float on high over vales and hills 

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A Host of golden daffodils."

William Wordsworth....

I agree with some lines of poetry Daffodils by William Wordsworth. Daffodils is a poem by Wordsworth's nature. For me nature is a place where I find happiness and I feel very special in a place where I find nature all around me. Specialty cloud environments are beautiful to me and whenever I see a cloud that gives me happiness and peace, but for a while the cloud also gives us a hint of a bad environment which is harmful to us.

Thinking Activity : Views on Marriage

Thinking Activity : Views on Marriage :

Hello Readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,


In this blog I have written people's opinions about marriage. In the novel 'Sense and Sensibility' we see the issue of marriage. Based on this novel we have the task of asking people about their opinions about marriage. This is the work given by Prof. Hinamam Zala of the English Department.

Sense and Sensibility :

Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen's novel, which was anonymously published in three volumes in 1811 and is excellent. Elinor and Marianne provide a vivid depiction of mid-century mid-class life, a satirical, humorous piece that follows Dashwood's romantic relationship. With her first acquaintance, Willoughby literally ripped Marianne Dashwood off her feet. When Maria falls and gets her ankle sore, she helps her home. In Wilfby, Marianne finds a man who praises her for her dash. Describing Willoughby to others, she commented, "That's what a young man should be." In her naive fashion, Marianne does not recognize that Wilbobie's truncated man must marry for money to love his horses, society and women. He is a meaningful gentleman who lives beyond his means. Its behavior is a statement of the inherited features offered to men of their social class.

People's views about Marriage :

Knowing my opinion about marriage... marriage is a basic necessity of every society. Everyone marries and runs his own family. Love merrag is increasing due to the marriage of the father in the past and today for social media and many other reasons. Although it is not important to do love marriage or arange marriage, two people understand each other and give life support. I think everyone must marry. In the modern age, the education of women is increasing in the age, so they marry at an older age but marriage is a connection of two souls and prices are not closed.
In our scriptures, marriage is also considered a sacrament. In today's age, the biggest problem is that the boy chooses to love each other, but then what will happen to society and all the people in the house. Thinking about  leaves any one out and ends the relationship. Whatever the reason, a girl is most likely to suffer in all of this. When a boy leaves a girl for fear of society, his whole life is ruined. In the age of social media, most of the time the boy is in a relationship with the girl for marriage, but then the boy is leaving the girl in fear of society or family. In my view, the society must accept the love maraghe and the boy who makes such a mistake should be punished.

Dabhi Vipulsir....

In my opinion marriage is a kind of marriage life or system that formed a union or formed a sacred relationship. After the jaunt through the marriage system, both characters are ready to fulfill their wishes, sacrifices, their habit or life. I believe that marriage life is good because our parents have experience or they have gone that way so they never think badly about their children so they choose the kind of character for their children that may be right for us in the future. In love marriage sometimes people do not understand exactly about love because there is a small difference between love and physical attraction so at young age they usually choose character by physical attraction but not by love.

Baraiya Laljibhai.......

In Indian culture, marriage is considered a sacrament. Everyone who has to go through it. In my view, marriage is a sacred relationship that involves sweetness and love, sorrow and new experiences and adaptations. There is something in the marriage that is the responsibility of the two men to live together. There are two things in all things, happiness and sorrow. The spouse should cooperate and cooperate with the situation.

Everyone is saying that getting annoyed after marriage ... not one percent is true because such a person does not really understand responsibility or does not have the ability to take responsibility. Marriage is a pleasure to eat, but why not eat it depends on yourself and not on the experience of others.

Shantilal Dharaiya......

Thanking you.....

Thinking Activity : Unit 4 C. S. in practice.

Thinking Activity : Unit 4 C. S. in practice :

Hello Readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

This is my educational blog thinking activity of Cultural Studies Unit 4 Frankenstein's study in contemporary Indian culture. And the popular author and his market. This task given by Dr. Dilip Barad,

Question : 1 Frankenpheme in contemporary Indian culture.

An Indian Hindi play, Translate Robot is a 2010 Indian Tamil language science fiction science-action film directed and directed by S. Shankar. Vasi a brilliant scientist. The scientist, creates a unique robot, which is programmed to protect mankind and to feel human emotions. Problems occur when a Chitti falls in love with a girlfriend. Naturally, storytelling is different, but there are some things we associate with Frankenstein. Both Vassi and Victor are very brilliant scientists. They try something new. One makes a robot and the other is made by a human but his monster looks like this and we can see the movie that Dr. The resident makes a robot but his appearance is similar to that of a human. Both of their designs share a feeling for their creator's wife. So some kind of director of a movie inspired by Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein. So we can say that Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is well known in the world. There are many adaptations to be made.

Question : 2 Any popular artists /writer and his market. 

Jay Vasavada and his Market :

Jay Vasawada is a Gujarati writer, columnist and speaker who was born in Gondal in Bhavnagar. He has published many books and has written columns in various publications. He received his degree from Saurashtra University. He started his writing career in Rajkot by publishing an article. Later he joined Gujarat News as a columnist. Prior to this, he wrote daily columns in the Mumbai edition of Mid-Day. And he gives lectures all over Gujarat on various topics. He hosted the Gujarati Celebrity Talk Show Dialogue in ETV Gujrati and introduced the cameo in the Gujarati film Bey Yaar in 2014.

Thus, all the information about Frankenfam and the contemporary Indian culture and famous author and example in his market, we can say that cultural studies is not only about the production of works but also about the meaning of production. The value and influence of work on youth and contemporary work on contemporary times is one of the most important and valuable studies in culture. Therefore, Jay Vaswada is the best example of a writer and his market.

Thinking Activity : Structuralism

Thinking Activity : Structuralism :

Hello Readers....

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

This blog is my educational work on structuralism thinking activity. We know what structuralism is and what a structuralist critic is. After understanding the concept of structuralism we have the function of structuralism. As a structural critic, how do you analyze a literary text or TV serial or film? It is our job to select any image or TV serial or film or literary text or advertisement and apply the Structuralist method. This thinking activity given by the Dr. Dilip Barad The head of the English Department MKB University.

Gerard Genette  :

Gerard Genette was a well-known literary critic and French literary theorist after Roland Barthes. Gabbett is primarily concerned with structuralism, especially in the literary criticism such as narratology, trope, and metonymy, etc.to reproduce the new rhetorical vocabulary. Gerard Janet furthers structural criticism as a literary critique.

What is Structuralism?

Structuralism as a method is particularly suited to literary criticism which is discourse over Literary criticism that it is meta-linguistic in character and it exists as meta-literature, that is, a literature whose literature is imposed '. That is, it is literature written to explain the role of literature and language in the literature used to explain the language used in it. In Gennette's words, 'If the author quotes the universe, then the critic is quotation literature, that is, the universe of signs. In his essay "Structuralism and Literary Criticism," Gerard Genette writes that the methods developed for the study of one discipline can be satisfactorily applied to the study of another discipline.

Important concepts in Genette's narratology :

Genette Narratology is derived from Narrative Discourse; Essay on method. The following are the five main concepts used by Janet in Narrative Discourse; Essay on method. They are mainly used to look at descriptive syntax, rather than to interpret it.

Frequency :


The separation between an event and other its narration allows several possibilities.

Duration :

The separation between an event and its narration means that there is discourse time and narratives time.


Voice :

Voice is concerned with who narrates, and from where. This can be split in different ways.

Mood :

Genette said narrative mood is dependent on the 'distance' and 'perspective' of the narrator, and like music, narrative mood has predominant patterns. It is related to voice.

Structuralism :

Here, I put it down to Hindi movies that have the same story and nature of the protagonist and after going through many circumstances the two meet together and innfilms her father accepts her daughter as her husband. So there is a similarity between the narrative structure and the pattern.

Directed : sunil Shetty

Dipika padukone:- Meenalochli

Shahruk Khan:- Rahul Mithaiwala 

Rahul Mithaiwala is an orphan graduate living in Mumbai. Raised by his grandparents at the age of eight. Meanwhile, the monastery dies on the eve of the celebration. Rahul's grandmother Neetu tells Rahul that Bhishmabhar wants his ashes to be split in two, one of which is submerged in the Ganges and Rameswaram. He tells Rahul to take the ashes to Rameshwaram and disperse. Reluctantly, she accepts her request. They had booked a ticket in Chennai Express and Rahul forgot to take the ash and returned when the train had already departed. At the same time a girl who is running away, four men are trying to kidnap her. Rahul finds out that all four are his cousins ​​and his real name is Meenalama. He is married to a ruffian named Tangaballi. Minamma's father, Durgeshwara "Durgash" Ahagasundram, is the powerful headman of the local Mafia in Tamil Nadu. Minamma took Rahul to Durgash and called Rahul as his lover. Due to lack of knowledge in Tamil, Rahul inadvertently accepted that duel by Tangaballi challenging Rahul.

  Rahul pretends to take Minamma hostage and escapes with Durgash's car in a fight with Durgash's men. It saved her life and helped her fiance a lot, which she didn't want to marry. Minamma then realizes that she has fallen in love with Rahul. Tangaballi caught Rahul trying to get there, but the villagers will help him escape again.

Minamma persuades Rahul to disperse the ashes of Bhishmabhar and travels with him to Rameswaram, where he completes the rites. Rahul finds out that he has fallen in love with Minamma. He takes Minamma back to Durgash and tries to understand and respect Minamma's will. He also tells Minamma that she loves him. In the end, Rahul boldly tells Tangaballi and his gangsters that he is ready for a fight this time. Rahul is seriously injured but he is victorious. Durgash acknowledges that the love of a common man like Rahul is greater than his physical ability and political influence.

In this movie based on regional or language, class and love marriages. In the movie we can see Meenamma's marriage arranged with Tangaballi. But in the center part of the movies twitching Meenamma and Rahul falls in love and their families accepted their love. also we can see in the movies narrator Narrative has physical ability & political influence.

Sunday Reading : Arundhati Roy

Sunday Reading : Arundhati Roy : 

Hello Readers....

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

This task about the Author Arundhati Roy and her works given by Dr. Dilip Barad head of English department.

About Arundhati Roy :

We all know that Indian culture and traditions are famous in the world. For example the Indian was very harsh about the caste system and unclear or untouchable in the past. The result, therefore, is that some Indian writers have tried to portray it in their works. Renowned Indian author Arundhati Roy portrays the casket system in her novel. Now let's talk about his work and his brief life.

she has also written a numbers of essays on contemporary Politics and Cultures. In October 2016, Penguin India and Hamish Hamilton UK announced that they would publish her second novel, " The Ministry of Utmost Happiness  in June 2017. 

She has also worked for,


(1) US foreign policy, war in Afghanistan

(2) India's nuclear weaponry

(3) Anti - Zionism

(4) 2001 Indian parliament attack

(5) The Muthanga incident

(6) Comments on 2008 Mumbai Attack

(7) Criticism of Sri Lankan government

(8) Views on the Naxalites

(9) Sedition charges

(10) Criticism of Anna Hazare

(11) Views on Narendra Modi etc.

Awards :

(1) The Lannan Cultural Freedom Award in 2002.

(2) The Sydney peace prize in 2004.

(3) Sahitya Akademi Award


In addition to his novel skills, Roy is widely known for political activism. He has published many works of nonfiction, including many essays,


(1) The End of Imagination (1998).

(2) The Greater common Good (1999).

(3) The cost of living (1999).

(4) Power Politics (2002).

(5) The checkbook and the cruise missiles

(6) An ordinary person Guide to Empire (2004).

Question 1 :  If you are asked about Arundhati Roy, what will be your answer? 

We know that Arundhati Roy is a well-known Indian English writer. He contributes to Indian writing in English. He is one of the few writers in India whose first book was considered a masterpiece by many, but despite being offered a few million dollars, he chose not to write second literature, because he felt he had to work for real issues.

Question 2 : If you are asked about two novels of her, what will be your answer? 

We know that Arundhati Roy was best known for her novels, especially two novels, " The God of Small things or The Ministry of utmost Happiness. "

The God of Small Things :

This is Arundhati Roy's first novel. It is a story about the childhood experience of brotherhood twins whose lives are destroyed by "love laws," which show "who should love and how and how much." This book explores how small books affect people's behavior and their lives. This book won the Booker Prize in 1997. God of Small Things is a famous novel by Arundhati Roy. who have been divorced for 23 years after the horrific hours that their cousins ​​drowned, their mother's relationship is revealed, and her lover is killed. This is the structure of the book. Lots of it. It effectively creates a language of its own, a juicy language that complements the mood of a beautiful book.

The Ministry of utmost Happiness :

The ministry of utmost Happiness is the second novel by Arundhati Roy, published in 2017. The novel tells the stories of people who navigated some of the darkest and most violent episodes of modern Indian history, in which poor peasants were transported on a 2002 Godhra train. Burning and Kashmir uprising. Arundhati Roy is a famous Indian author. He has written about the reality of society. Arundhati Roy is always involved in environmental and human rights reasons. Her father was a Bengali tea planter and her mother was a Christian of Syrian descent who successfully challenged the laws of India's heritage by successfully claiming for the rights of Christian women to receive an equal share of her father's wealth. He had some interest in design. His literary career was interrupted by controversy.

Thanking you.....

Thinking Activity : Sunday Reading task On Shashi Tharoor

Thinking Activity : Sunday Reading task On Shashi Tharoor :

Hello Readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

Here's my blog on the Sunday Reading Task: Shashi Tharoor has been announced for the 2019 Famous and Distinguished Literature Academy Awards. In the English language category, the award is given to Shashi Tharoor's Era of Darkness in the "Creative Non-Fiction" category. This work, given by Dr. Dilip Bard Sir.

About Shashi Tharoor :

Born : 9th March 1956

Shashi Tharoor is an Indian politician, writer and former international diplomat who is currently serving as a Lok Sabha MP from Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. He also serves as chair of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Information Technology and the All India Professional Congress. Shashi Tharoor received the "Literature Academy Award" for his book " An Era of Darkness : The British Empire in India."  In the non-English language non-fiction category in 2019. Shashi Tharoor is the latest, an era of Darkness, an absolute must read. In it, it consolidates all the arrangements necessary to establish that the British Colonial Rules were a frightening experience for the Indians and that they do so with full discussion skills. In fact, his book is an elaborate take on the British exploitation of India, which a long time ago famously provided for Tharoor in the Oxford debate. Tharoor described how the British ruled India. Shashi  Tharoor argues that British rules had no redeeming features.

Here I put my view on some videos about exclusive interview  Dr. Shashi Tharoor on his Book "An Era of Darkness" The British Empire in India.

This is an interview video of Shashi Tharoor, about his own book, "The Darkness of an Age", in this video Shashi Tharoor says that all the book's arguments are against the British Empire. The storyline is not one-sided or one-sided. What I like most is the answer to the question by Shashi Tharoor. The interviewer asks, "Everyone talks about the immediate inheritance of partition and colonial rules. How much do you increase partitioning? How do you blame colonial policies?" Shashi Tharoor's answer is that the whole community of Hindus and Muslims was under colonial rule and the British wanted to separate the Muslim community from Bengal. The biggest change was the separation between different communities. When the British saw how Muslims celebrated Hindu customs, they were shocked to see how Hindus celebrated Muslim customs. This video further content that what I like the most is the Bengal Renaissance. Shashi Tharoor discusses the influence of the "Sati system", saying that the British never interfered with Indian customs. But there were many other Indians who stood up against the widow's remarriage. Raja Ram Mohanaroy who abolished the Sati practice.

Many other arguments by Shashi Tharoor are discussed in this video,

1. The British wrecked our industries.
2. Colonial rules worsened poverty and landlessness.
3. Famines were British induced.
4. Partition.
5. Colonisation of the Indian mind.

The reason for my similarity of these arguments is that Shashi Tharoor openly stands against all the British and writes in his book about India's Darkness praising India. He laid down the realities of each of India. And observed everything that was done by the British in India. He puts all the truth in deep, and pretty much argues about it all.

This is the second interview video of Shashi Tharoor with his new book "Era of Darkness." Is about the influence of British colonialism. This is a very famous book by Shashi Tharoor. Shashi Tharoor says that this is the subject I like the most. He says that for this book he read many journals, articles, academic books and many contemporary histories or other British authors who are best sellers. The argument I like the most in this video is that in response to the question, "What is English Indian wealth now? Do you agree with the premise that if the British never came to India, would India be rich in some kind? Country or developed European. Should not the powers of the countries? "In answer to these questions, Shashi Tharoor beautifully describes the wealth of India and the prosperity of industrialization in India.

Shashi Tharoor says about three industries in India,

(1) Texstyle industry. 

(2) Steele Industry. 

(3) Ship building industry.

And how all the British broke the these industry and established their new industries. How they all used Indian art.

Thanking you.....

Thinking Activity : The Study of Poetry by Matthew Arnold :

Thinking Activity : The Study of Poetry by Matthew Arnold :

Hello ! Readers...

Warmly welcome to you my blog,

Here is my blog on Thinking Activity: The Study of Poetry by Matthew Arnold, this task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. For more information visit Dilip Bard Sir's blog Click here 

Let's look at a short biography of Matthew Arnold before discussing Arnold's views on good poetry and criticism.

Matthew Arnold : Victorian poet and critic :

Born : 24th December 1822

Death : 15th April 1888

He was also an English poet, cultural critic and novelist and colonial administrator. He was elected professor of poetry at Oxford in 1857. He was called the third greatest Victorian poet. His literary career began with the release of two prize poems, "The Stride Reveler and Other Poems," in 1849, the mood of his poetry being explicit and his tendency to express emotions. He felt that poetry should be a criticism of life and expressed philosophy.

The Victorian era has produced many critics, novelists, thinkers, and philosophers. Among them, Arnold holds a respectable position as a poet and critic. We all know that Arnold was an English Victorian great writer. He was born on December 24,1822 in England. As a poet, the work which gave Arnold a high place in the history of literature and in the history of ideas, was completed in the time he was able to escape his official duties. Among the leading authors of Victoria, Matthew Arnold is unique in that his reputation falls equally on his poetry and criticism of his poetry. Many readers have come to see Arnold as the most modern in Victorian. Arnold himself defines "text" as a professor of poetry at the 1874 literature at Cassford, "on the modern element in literature". In this lecture there was a transition from Arnold's poet to social and literary critic.

His Famous poems are :

 (1) " Thyrsis " ( 1865 )

 (2) " Sohrab and Rustum " ( 1853 )

 (3) " The Scholar Gipsy " ( 1853 )

 (4) " Rugby Chapel " ( 1867 ) 

 (5) " Memorial Verses to Wordsworth  "

Matthew Arnold As a critic :

Matthew Arnold was a good critic. A critic is basically a teacher and he must bear in mind that literature is a criticism of life. Arnold tries to expand the definition of criticism by saying that,

" It is endeavour in all branches of knowledge like theology, philosophy, history, art and science to see the object as itself it is rarely".

Critic must be disinterested :

Arnold emphasizes the term ‘disinterested’, the critic should be impartial without any prejudice. Critics must take an interest in evaluating and giving judgment. Matthew Arnold had an essay called "Function Criticism". Matthew Arnold mentions that great times of creativity are not forthcoming, and he cites for example, infant was a very short period of time, and then there is the law, and in that respect Arnold mentions that the critic has a very important role and that is the role that critics have. Authors should provide new ideas.

Characteristic of Good poetry  :

Arnold's poetry is supposed to apply a different meaning to the modern term applied to the views of the critic, the reformer, and the prophet, who devoted most of his life to expanding the intellectual horizons of his countrymen, the whole English-speaking world. The poem is something more than Keats "Beauty is Truth, the Beauty of Truth." Of which Arnold was then to say that he "doesn't need to know all", though that is a lot. It is a surrogate source for moral healing and a weak Christian faith for the ages. These views echo Arnold's discourses about the translation of Hormor (1861), in which "gentlemanship" is seen as a key feature of Homer's "study of poetry" (1880), which declares that the strongest part of our religion today is its unconscious poetry.


"Poetry as a Critic of Life" Arnold describes life as an application of critical and profound ideas, criticizing the laws of life and the laws of poetic truth and the 'beauty as truth, and the seriousness of matter' and 'the fullness of honor and practice. Arnold believes that poetry does not represent life, but rather that the poet adds something from his own noble nature and contributes to his criticism of this life.

Arnold's Touchstone Method :

Arnold's touchstone method of criticism was actually a comparative method of criticism. He followed the ancient Greek, Roman and French writers, the model being followed. Old English writers such as Shakespeare, Spencer, Milton were also taken as Maswell. Arnold took the route chosen by the modern author and compared them with the ancient author and determined the merits there. This method is called the "touchstone method" of Arnold. His general theory of poetry was the "touchstone method", which presented scientific criticism for critical evaluation by comparing scientific objections and as the two primary tools for judging individual poets.